Правильным написанием этого слова, будет такое — «Нефертити», с ударением на третий слог, на «и», «НефертИти».
«Нефертити» — это имя супруги египетского фараона, древнеегипетского.
А само слово, обозначает «прекраснейшая красавица».
В слове «Нефертити» девять букв и четыре слога.
По правилам русского языка слово «нефтегазопровод» пишется слитно, с ударением на последний слог: нефтегазопровОд.
Для того чтобы запомнить правильное произношение слова, существует простое правило: сложные слова, заканчивающиеся на «-вод», всегда произносятся с ударением на последнем слоге.
Торец, это поперечный разрез, например бревна. Такие слова называют словарными, поскольку нормативное написание их, закреплено в словарях. Проверить правописание словарных слов невозможно, их нужно просто запоминать.
Торец, с точки зрения русского языка, это неодушевлённое существительное мужского рода.
Правильное написание — торец, с ударением на втором слоге — торЕц.
Имя существительное «терминал» пишется с буквой «Е» в первом слоге. А во втором слоге — «И».
Трудно подобрать к «терминалу» какие-то правила или проверочные слова, поскольку «терминал» — это иностранное слово. Ударение в таких словах бывает очень устойчивым, переместить его не удастся, даже весь словарь перекопав.
Лучше всего — запомнить написание или этимологию, указывающую на известный праиндоевропейский корень «ter».
Если не удаётся усвоить написание, можно использовать какие-то запоминалки. Я подготовила для вопроса парочку:
- «Термин «терминал».
- «Тернист путь к терминалу».
- «Терминал — не тир, пишется по-другому.
- «В терминал залезли термиты».
_
Одинаковая схема расстановки гласных в первых двух слогах разных слов может помочь кому-то.
Существительное «нелюдь» с НЕ пишется слитно в соответствии с одним простым правилом: слово без НЕ не употребляется. Это правило действует во всех случаях и для всех частей речи. Так что искать синонимы без НЕ, противопоставления с союзом а, зависимые слова и др. нет никакой необходимости.
В слове «нелюдь» ударение ставится на первый слог: нЕлюдь.
Именительный — дЕньги
Родительный — дЕнег
Дательный — деньгАм
Винительный — дЕньги
Творительный — деньгАми
Предложеный — о деньгАх
Это если по правилам склонения по падежам, а так многие часто иначе говорят, особенно в предложеном падеже, ставят ударение на первый слог
×òî òàêîå «ÍÅÔÅÐÒÈÒÈ»? Êàê ïðàâèëüíî ïèøåòñÿ äàííîå ñëîâî. Ïîíÿòèå è òðàêòîâêà.
ÍÅÔÅÐÒÈÒÈ
(êîíåö 15 — íà÷àëî 14 ââ. äî í.ý.), öàðèöà Äðåâíåãî Åãèïòà. Ñóïðóãà ôàðàîíà XVIII äèíàñòèè Àìåíõîòåïà IV. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå åå íåÿñíî. Áûòîâàëî ìíåíèå, ÷òî îíà áûëà äî÷åðüþ Àìåíõîòåïà III è, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïðèõîäèëàñü ñâîäíîé ñåñòðîé ñâîåìó ìóæó. Âîçìîæíî, îíà áûëà äî÷åðüþ Ýéå, ñòàâøåãî ôàðàîíîì ïîñëå Òóòàíõàìîíà è òåñíî ñâÿçàííîãî ñ öàðñêèì ðîäîì ÷åðåç ñâîþ ñåñòðó Òèè — æåíó Àìåíõîòåïà III. Ñîãëàñíî ýòîé òåîðèè, Íåôåðòèòè áûëà ïëåìÿííèöåé Òèè è äâîþðîäíîé ñåñòðîé ìóæà. Íåôåðòèòè ôàíàòè÷íî ïîääåðæèâàëà ïðåäïðèíÿòîå åå ìóæåì íèñïðîâåðæåíèå òðàäèöèîííîé ðåëèãèè è åãî ìîíîòåèçì. Âìåñòå ñ íèì îíà ïîêëîíÿëàñü áîãó Àòîíó, ñèìâîëîì êîòîðîãî áûë ñîëíå÷íûé äèñê. Âñëåä çà ìóæåì ïîêèíóëà Ôèâû, ÷òîáû ïåðåñåëèòüñÿ â íîâóþ ñïåöèàëüíî ïîñòðîåííóþ ñòîëèöó Àõåòàòîí (íûíå Òåëëü-ýëü-Àìàðí), ãäå îí ñìåíèë ñâîå èìÿ íà Ýõíàòîí. Êîãäà Ýõíàòîí èçìåíèë ñâîè âçãëÿäû, Íåôåðòèòè îñòàëàñü áåçîãîâîðî÷íî ïðåäàííîé êóëüòó Àòîíà è óäàëèëàñü — èëè, âîçìîæíî, áûëà èçãíàíà — â ñåâåðíóþ ÷àñòü ãîðîäà. Ïîñëå ñìåðòè ìóæà òùåòíî ïûòàëàñü îáðàòèòü íîâîãî ôàðàîíà (íûíå èçâåñòíîãî ïîä èìåíåì Òóòàíõàìîíà, êîòîðûé, âîçìîæíî, ïðèõîäèëñÿ åé ñâîäíûì áðàòîì) â ñâîþ âåðó. Óìåðëà Íåôåðòèòè îê. 1354 äî í.ý., ìåñòî åå ïîãðåáåíèÿ íåèçâåñòíî.
ÍÅÔÅÐÒÈÒÈ —
(äðåâíååãèï. «Êðàñàâèöà ãðÿäåò»)
äðåâíååãèïåòñêàÿ öàðèöà (êîíåö 15 íà÷àëî 14 ââ. äî í. … Áîëüøàÿ Ñîâåòñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ
ÍÅÔÅÐÒÈÒÈ — ÍÅÔÅÐÒÈÒÈ (äðåâíååãèïåòñêîå — Êðàñàâèöà ãðÿäåò), åãèïåòñêàÿ öàðèöà íà÷àëà 14 â. äî íàøåé ýðû, ñóïðóã… Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ
ÍÅÔÅÐÒÈÒÈ — ÍÅÔÅÐÒÈÒÈ (äð.-åãèï. — Êðàñàâèöà ãðÿäåò) — åãèïåòñêàÿ öàðèöà íà÷. 14 â. äî í. ý., ñóïðóãà Àìåíõîòåïà… Áîëüøîé ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü
Неферти́ти
Неферти́ти, нескл., ж.
Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)
Делаем Карту слов лучше вместе
Привет! Меня зовут Лампобот, я компьютерная программа, которая помогает делать
Карту слов. Я отлично
умею считать, но пока плохо понимаю, как устроен ваш мир. Помоги мне разобраться!
Спасибо! Я обязательно научусь отличать широко распространённые слова от узкоспециальных.
Насколько понятно значение слова иллюминировать (глагол), иллюминировали:
Предложения со словом «нефертити»
- – Да уж, действительно. Как последняя… Нефертити.
- Он может быть наложен и на людей, живых и ушедших в историю, – к примеру, Нефертити для нашей культуры архетипична по отношению к потребности наблюдения «красоты», как и само понятие «красота», вернее его небольшая часть.
- – Правда? А ты какой салон посещаешь? Мне больше всего в «Версале» нравится. Но «Нефертити» тоже ничего.
- (все предложения)
Смотрите также
-
– Да уж, действительно. Как последняя… Нефертити.
-
Он может быть наложен и на людей, живых и ушедших в историю, – к примеру, Нефертити для нашей культуры архетипична по отношению к потребности наблюдения «красоты», как и само понятие «красота», вернее его небольшая часть.
-
– Правда? А ты какой салон посещаешь? Мне больше всего в «Версале» нравится. Но «Нефертити» тоже ничего.
- (все предложения)
Смотреть что такое НЕФЕРТИТИ в других словарях:
НЕФЕРТИТИ
(древнеегип. — «Красавица грядет») древнеегипетская царица (конец 15 — начало 14 вв. до н. э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно, его … смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
конец XV — начало XIV века до н.э.) Древнеегипетская царица, жена фараона Аменхотепа IV, известного в истории под именем Эхнатона. В 1912 году в Амарне были найдены поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити, созданные мастером Тутмесом. Хранятся они в музеях Каира и Берлина. Остается только удивляться необычности исторической судьбы царицы Нефертити. Тридцать три века ее имя было в забвении, а когда гениальный французский ученый Ф. Шампольон в начале прошлого столетия расшифровал древнеегипетские письмена, то о ней упоминали довольно редко и лишь в специальных академических работах. XX век, словно демонстрируя причудливость человеческой памяти, вознес Нефертити на вершину славы. Накануне Первой мировой войны немецкая экспедиция, закончив раскопки в Египте, по обыкновению представила находки для проверки инспекторам «Службы древностей». («Служба древностей» — ведомство, основанное в 1858 году для контроля археологических экспедиций и охраны памятников прошлого.) Среди предметов, выделенных для немецких музеев, находился ничем не примечательный оштукатуренный каменный блок. Когда его привезли в Берлин, он превратился в голову Нефертити. Рассказывают, будто археологи, не желавшие расстаться с замечательным произведением искусства, обернули бюст серебряной бумагой, а затем покрыли гипсом, правильно рассчитав, что незаметная архитектурная деталь не привлечет внимания. Когда это обнаружилось, разразился скандал. Его затушила только начавшаяся война, после окончания которой немецких египтологов лишили на некоторое время права проводить раскопки в Египте. Однако бесценное художественное достоинство бюста стоило даже этих жертв. Звезда Нефертити восходила столь стремительно, будто женщина эта была не древней египетской царицей, а современной кинозвездой. Словно много веков красота ее ждала признания, и, наконец, пришли времена, эстетический вкус которых возвел Нефертити на вершину успеха. Это ее очаровательной головке, длинной стройной шее, прямому нежно очерченному носу мы обязаны стремительно возросшему интересу к египетскому искусству, к тому далекому мистическому прошлому с его культом жрецов и таинственными эзотерическими знаниями. А может, наоборот, наш иррациональный век, чувствуя какую-то бессознательную близость к египетской грандиозной культуре, выделил Нефертити как символ подлинной женской красоты? Кем же в действительности была знаменитая Нефертити? По общественному статусу своего времени — всего лишь одной из жен многочисленного царского гарема. Египетские женщины владели секретами необычных косметических рецептов, которые в тайне передавались от матери к дочери, искусны они были и в делах любви, особенно если учесть, что учиться они начинали в совсем еще юном — шести-семилетнем — возрасте. Словом, недостатка в красивых женщинах в Египте не было, наоборот, весь древний истеблишмент знал — достойную жену следует искать на берегах Нила. Однажды вавилонский правитель, посватавшийся к дочери фараона, получил отказ. Раздосадованный, он написал несостоявшемуся тестю обиженное письмо: «Почему ты так со мной поступаешь? В Египте есть достаточно прекрасных дочерей. Найди мне красавицу по твоему вкусу. Здесь (имелась в виду Вавилония. — Авт.) никто не заметит, что она не царской крови». Среди такого количества достойных претенденток восхождение Нефертити кажется невероятным, почти сказочным. Она, конечно, происходила из знатного рода, являлась близкой родственницей кормилицы своего мужа, а ранг кормилицы в египетской иерархии был достаточно высок. Супруг кормилицы Эхнатона числился первым вельможей государства, был начальником колесничего войска, а после смерти фараона даже короткое время занимал пост правителя Египта. Однако в царском дворце в гаремы предпочитали брать самых ближайших родственниц — племянниц, сестер и даже собственных дочерей, чтобы сохранить «чистоту крови». Нефертити же стала женой фараона вопреки сложившимся традициям, да и все ее царствование складывалось отнюдь не по канонам, освященным древними культами. Видимо, где-то здесь и таится ответ на вопрос: почему в столь короткий срок рядовая наложница безраздельно завладела сердцем всесильного фараона. Надо сказать, что и супруг Нефертити выделялся из длинного ряда царской династии. Правление Аменхотепа IV вошло в историю Египта, как время «религиозных реформ». Этот незаурядный человек не побоялся сразиться с самой мощной силой своего государства — жреческой кастой, которая посредством своих мистических, таинственных знаний держала в страхе и элиту, и народ Египта. Жрецы, используя сложные культовые обряды многочисленных богов, постепенно захватывали лидирующее положение в стране. Но Аменхотеп IV оказался вовсе не из тех правителей, которые отдают свою власть. И он объявил войну касте жрецов. Единоличным приказом он, ни много ни мало, отменил прежнего бога Амона и назначил нового — Атона, а заодно перенес столицу Египта из Фив на новое место, построил новые храмы, увенчав их скульптурными колоссами Атона-Ра, и переименовал себя в Эхнатона, что означало «угодный Атону». Можно только предполагать, какие огромные усилия потребовались новому фараону, чтобы переломить сознание целой страны, чтобы выиграть эту опасную войну со служителями культа. И, конечно, как в любой битве, Эхнатону был необходим надежный союзник. Видимо, такого союзника — верного ему, умного, сильного — он и нашел в лице своей жены — Нефертити. История не оставила нам прямых свидетельств помощи Нефертити мужу, но мы рискнем опереться на знание психологии человека. После женитьбы на Нефертити царь забыл свой гарем, он не на шаг не отпускал свою юную жену. Вопреки всяким правилам приличия женщина впервые стала посещать дипломатические приемы. Эхнатон не стеснялся прилюдно советоваться с Нефертити. Даже выезжая проверять заставы вокруг города, фараон брал с собой жену, и караул теперь отчитывался не только перед владыкой, но и перед его супругой. Поклонение Нефертити превзошло все пределы. Ее огромные, величественные изваяния украшали каждый египетский город. Вряд ли только искусством любви и неотразимой красотой можно объяснить безмерное влияние Нефертити на фараона. Можно, конечно, предположить колдовство. Но мы предпочтем более реалистическое объяснение успеха египетской царицы — ее поистине царская мудрость и фанатическая преданность мужу. При этом отметим, что по нашим понятиям всесильная Нефертити была по возрасту совсем юна, а проще сказать — совсем девочка. Были, понятно, и интриги, и зависть, и козни тех, кто никак не мог взять в толк: отчего женщина управляет государством и заменяет фараону сановных советников. Однако большинство вельмож, как и во всякие времена, предпочитало не ссориться с женой властителя, и на Нефертити как из рога изобилия посыпались дары и подношения просителей. Но и тут прекрасная женщина проявила мудрость и достоинство. Она хлопотала лишь за тех, кто, по ее мнению, мог принести пользу любимому мужу, кто мог оправдать доверие фараона. Казалось, счастье Нефертити безмерно, но судьба не благоволит бесконечно даже к редким избранникам. Беда пришла с той стороны, откуда ее не ждали. Древнеегипетская женщина рожала, присев на двух кирпичах. Акушерки придерживали ее за спину. Считалось, что родильные кирпичи помогут облегчить роды и принести счастье. На каждом из них высекалась голова богини Мешенит, которая помогала младенцу появиться на свет. Всякий раз, присаживаясь на кирпичики, Нефертити молила Атона даровать им наследника. Но в таком деле, к сожалению, ни горячая любовь к мужу, ни мудрость, ни всесильные боги помочь не могли. Шесть дочерей родила Нефертити, а долгожданного сына все не было. Тут-то и подняли голову завистники и враги несчастной царицы. Человеческий век в Древнем Египте был короток — 28—30 лет. Смерть могла унести фараона в любой миг, и государство тогда оставалось без прямого наследника власти. Нашлись доброхоты, познакомившие Эхнатона с красивой наложницей — Киа. Казалось, власти Нефертити пришел конец. Но не так просто забыть свою прежнюю любовь, даже если хочется чего-то новенького, более острых ощущений. Эхнатон мечется от одной женщины к другой: то и дело он из покоев Киа направляется к бывшей любимой и каждый раз его ожидает радушный теплый прием. Но Нефертити, видимо, будучи волевой самолюбивой женщиной, не смогла простить предательства. Внешняя любезность не могла обмануть фараона, он-то знал, на что способна истинная любовь. И он снова возвращался к Киа. Так продолжалось недолго. Болтовня новой наложницы вывела наконец Эхнатона из себя — ему было с кем сравнивать соперницу. Киа была возвращена в гарем. Она пыталась сопротивляться, призывала мужа вернуться, впадала, видимо, в обычные женские истерики. Только после того как евнух сурово наказал ее плетьми, она успокоилась, поняв, что царским милостям пришел конец. Они уже больше никогда не будут в прежних отношениях — Нефертити и Эхнатон. Прошлую любовь склеить не удалось, но и в этой ситуации Нефертити придумала выход, продемонстрировав поистине государственный ум. Нам поступок Нефертити покажется, конечно, диким, но не забывайте, что речь идет о Древнем Египте. Нефертити предложила в жены Эхнатону их третью дочь — юную Анхесенамон и сама обучила ее искусству любви, той любви, которая всегда так зажигала фараона. История, конечно, грустная, но обстоятельства оказываются сильнее человека. Через три года Анхесенамон овдовела. Ей шел одиннадцатый год, и ее снова выдали замуж за великого Тутанхамона. Столица вновь была возвращена в Фивы, страна опять стала поклоняться богу Амону-Ра. И только Нефертити, верная прежним пристрастиям, осталась в Ахенатоне, из которого медленно и постепенно уходила жизнь. Царица умерла, город опустел окончательно, а похоронили ее, как она и просила, в гробнице с Эхнатоном. И через тридцать веков ее образ словно восстал из пепла, тревожа наше воображение и заставляя еще и еще раз задумываться о тайне красоты: что это — «сосуд, в котором пустота, или огонь, мерцающий в сосуде?»… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
(конец 15 — начало 14 вв. до н.э.), царица Древнего Египта. Супруга фараона XVIII династии Аменхотепа IV. Происхождение ее неясно. Бытовало мнение, что… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
НЕФЕРТИТИ(конец 15 — начало 14 вв. до н.э.), царица Древнего Египта. Супруга фараона XVIII династии Аменхотепа IV. Происхождение ее неясно. Бытовало мнение, что она была дочерью Аменхотепа III и, следовательно, приходилась сводной сестрой своему мужу. Возможно, она была дочерью Эйе, ставшего фараоном после Тутанхамона и тесно связанного с царским родом через свою сестру Тии — жену Аменхотепа III. Согласно этой теории, Нефертити была племянницей Тии и двоюродной сестрой мужа.Нефертити фанатично поддерживала предпринятое ее мужем ниспровержение традиционной религии и его монотеизм. Вместе с ним она поклонялась богу Атону, символом которого был солнечный диск. Вслед за мужем покинула Фивы, чтобы переселиться в новую специально построенную столицу Ахетатон (ныне Телль-эль-Амарн), где он сменил свое имя на Эхнатон.Когда Эхнатон изменил свои взгляды, Нефертити осталась безоговорочно преданной культу Атона и удалилась — или, возможно, была изгнана — в северную часть города. После смерти мужа тщетно пыталась обратить нового фараона (ныне известного под именем Тутанхамона, который, возможно, приходился ей сводным братом) в свою веру. Умерла Нефертити ок. 1354 до н.э., место ее погребения неизвестно…. смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
1) Орфографическая запись слова: нефертити2) Ударение в слове: Неферт`ити3) Деление слова на слоги (перенос слова): нефертити4) Фонетическая транскрипц… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
(др.-егип. «Красавица грядет») — др.-егип. царица (кон. 15 — нач. 14 вв. до н. э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно его сводная сестра. Веро… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Неферти́ти (древнеегипетское «Красавица грядёт»), древнеегипетская царица (XIV в. до н. э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно, его сводна… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Нефертитидревнеегипетская царица (конца 15 — начала 14 вв. до н.э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
(древнеегипетское — Красавица грядет), египетская царица начала 14 в. до нашей эры, супруга Аменхотепа IV. Поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити созданы мастером Тутмесом.
<p class=»tab»><img style=»max-width:300px;» src=»https://words-storage.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/production/article_images/1598/2eab360c-3cbd-4f91-9258-58709da468b2″ title=»НЕФЕРТИТИ фото» alt=»НЕФЕРТИТИ фото» class=»responsive-img img-responsive»>
</p><p class=»tab»>Бюст Нефертити, выставленный в Берлинском музее.</p>… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Нефертити (Красавица грядёт) — египетская царица (14 в. до н.э.), жена фараона Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно, его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала участие в проведении религиозной реформы мужа; её имя после реформы было изменено на Нефер-Неферу-Атон (Прекрасны красоты Атона). В 1912 г. в Амарне (Эль-Амарна) была раскопана мастерская ваятеля Тутмеса со скульптурными портретами Нефертити (хранятся в Каирском музее и Государственных музеях Берлина).<br>… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Нефертити (Nefertiti), египет. царица и жена фараона Аменхотепа IV (нач. 14 в. до н.э.). Была ревностной почитательницей бога Солнца Атона, единств, культа, разрешенного Аменхотепом. Впала в немилость мужа и была заменена одной из своих шести дочерей. Известна по барельефам и, прежде всего, по тонкому скульптурному портрету, созданному из известняка мастером Тутмесом и обнаруженному в 1912 г. при раскопках древн. г. Ахетатона (совр. Амарна)…. смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
(др.-егип., букв. «Красавица грядет»), егип. царица кон. XV-нач. XIV вв. до н.э.; супруга Аменхотепа IV. В 1912 г. в Тель-эль-Амарне найдены выразитель… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Нефертити
(ж) — красивая прибыла
Египетские имена. Словарь значений..
НЕФЕРТИТИ
древнеегипетская царица (конца 15 — начала 14 вв. до н.э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала участие в проведении религиозных реформ мужа; ее имя после реформ было изменено на Нефер-Неферу-Атон («Прекрасны красоты Атона»).
В. Д. Гладкий «Древний Мир» Том 1… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
др.-егип. царица (кон. 15 — нач. 14 вв. до н.э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала участие в… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Ударение в слове: Неферт`итиУдарение падает на букву: иБезударные гласные в слове: Неферт`ити
НЕФЕРТИТИ
др.-егип. царица (кон. 15 — нач. 14 вв. до н.э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала участие в проведении религ. реформ мужа; ее имя после реформ было изменено на Нефер-Неферу-Атон («Прекрасны красоты Атона»)…. смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
НЕФЕРТИТИ (др .-егип. — Красавица грядет), египетская царица нач. 14 в. до н. э., супруга Аменхотепа IV. В 1912 в Амарне найдены поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити, созданные мастером Тутмесом (хранятся в музеях Каира и Берлина).<br><br><br>… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Терние Терн Тент Тенериф Теин Рифт Риф Тетер Тетин Тетр Ринит Рин Реф Ретинит Тефрит Рет Тир Рение Ренет Нтр Тире Нитрит Тит Нит Треф Фен Ферт Фетр Фин Нии Нефт Нефрит Нефертити Нети Нер Итр Интер Ение Фри Неф Фитин Фирн Финт Трент Трение Трен Тиф Титр… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
НЕФЕРТИТИ (др.-егип. — Красавица грядет) — египетская царица нач. 14 в. до н. э., супруга Аменхотепа IV. В 1912 в Амарне найдены поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити, созданные мастером Тутмесом (хранятся в музеях Каира и Берлина).<br>… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
— (др.-егип. — Красавица грядет) — египетская царица нач. 14 в. дон. э., супруга Аменхотепа IV. В 1912 в Амарне найдены поэтичные, тонкиескульптурные портреты Нефертити, созданные мастером Тутмесом (хранятся вмузеях Каира и Берлина)…. смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
НЕФЕРТИТИ (древнеегипетское — Красавица грядет), египетская царица начала 14 в. до нашей эры, супруга Аменхотепа IV. Поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити созданы мастером Тутмесом. <br>… смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ
Начальная форма — Нефертити, неизменяемое, слово обычно не имеет множественного числа, женский род, имя, одушевленное
НЕФЕРТИТИ
нескл., ж (египетская царица; также о красивой женщине)
НЕФЕРТИТИ (ДР .ЕГИП. КРАСАВИЦА ГРЯДЕТ)
НЕФЕРТИТИ (др .-егип. — Красавица грядет), египетская царица нач. 14 в. до н. э., супруга Аменхотепа IV. В 1912 в Амарне найдены поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити, созданные мастером Тутмесом (хранятся в музеях Каира и Берлина)…. смотреть
НЕФЕРТИТИ (ДР.ЕГИП. КРАСАВИЦА ГРЯДЕТ)
НЕФЕРТИТИ (др.-егип. — Красавица грядет), египетская царица нач. 14 в. до н. э., супруга Аменхотепа IV. В 1912 в Амарне найдены поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити, созданные мастером Тутмесом (хранятся в музеях Каира и Берлина)…. смотреть
Нефертити
- Нефертити
-
нескл.
,
ж
(египетская царица; также о красивой женщине)
Орфографический словарь русского языка.
2006.
Смотреть что такое «Нефертити» в других словарях:
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Нефертити — Нефертити … Википедия
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Нефертити — Нефертити. Портрет скульптора Тутмеса. Раскрашенный известняк. 1 я четв. 14 в до н.э. Государственный музей. Берлин. НЕФЕРТИТИ (древнеегипетское Красавица грядет), египетская царица начала 14 в. до нашей эры, супруга Аменхотепа IV. Поэтичные,… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь
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НЕФЕРТИТИ — (древнеегипетское Красавица грядет), египетская царица начала 14 в. до нашей эры, супруга Аменхотепа IV. Поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити созданы мастером Тутмесом … Современная энциклопедия
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НЕФЕРТИТИ — (др. егип. Красавица грядет) египетская царица нач. 14 в. до н. э., супруга Аменхотепа IV. В 1912 в Амарне найдены поэтичные, тонкие скульптурные портреты Нефертити, созданные мастером Тутмесом (хранятся в музеях Каира и Берлина) … Большой Энциклопедический словарь
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Нефертити — (Красавица грядёт) египетская царица (14 в. до н.э.), жена фараона Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно, его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала участие в проведении религиозной реформы мужа; её имя после реформы было изменено на Нефер Неферу Атон… … Исторический словарь
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Нефертити — (ж) красивая прибыла Египетские имена. Словарь значений … Словарь личных имен
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Нефертити — древнеегипетская царица (конца 15 начала 14 вв. до н.э.), супруга Аменхотепа IV (Эхнатона), возможно его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала участие в проведении религиозных реформ мужа; ее имя после реформ было изменено на Нефер Неферу Атон (… … Энциклопедия мифологии
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НЕФЕРТИТИ — «НЕФЕРТИТИ», Россия Франция Италия, CHALLENGE FILMS (Италия)/АТС 300 (Франция)/ФОРА ФИЛЬМ, 1993, цв., 95 (тв) мин. Историческая драма. В ролях: Микела Роко Де Торрерадула, Франсуа Негре, Бен Газзара, Антонелла Луалди, Поль Блейн, Жак Пено,… … Энциклопедия кино
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Нефертити — (Nefertiti), египет. царица и жена фараона Аменхотепа IV (нач. 14 в. до н.э.). Была ревностной почитательницей бога Солнца Атона, единств, культа, разрешенного Аменхотепом. Впала в немилость мужа и была заменена одной из своих шести дочерей.… … Всемирная история
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НЕФЕРТИТИ — (конец 15 начало 14 вв. до н.э.), царица Древнего Египта. Супруга фараона XVIII династии Аменхотепа IV. Происхождение ее неясно. Бытовало мнение, что она была дочерью Аменхотепа III и, следовательно, приходилась сводной сестрой своему мужу.… … Энциклопедия Кольера
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Нефертити — Тутмес. Портрет царицы Нефертити Тутмес. Портрет царицы Нефертити Нефертити (“Красавица грядёт”) египетская царица (. до н.э.), жена фараона Аменхотепа IV (), возможно, его сводная сестра. Вероятно, принимала участие в проведении… … Энциклопедический словарь «Всемирная история»
Nefertiti | ||
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The bust of Nefertiti from the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection, presently in the Neues Museum |
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Queen consort of Egypt | ||
Tenure | 1353–1336 BC[1] or 1351–1334 BC[2] |
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Born | c. 1370 BC Thebes, Egypt |
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Died | c. 1330 BC | |
Spouse | Akhenaten | |
Issue |
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Dynasty | 18th of Egypt | |
Father | Ay (possibly) | |
Mother | Iuy? (possibly) | |
Religion | Ancient Egyptian religion |
Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti in hieroglyphs | |||||||||||
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Neferneferuaten Nefertiti |
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Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten |
Neferneferuaten Nefertiti ([3]) (c. 1370 – c. 1330 BC) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known for a radical change in national religious policy, in which they promoted a form of proto-monotheism centred on the sun god Aten. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of ancient Egyptian history.[4] Some scholars believe that Nefertiti ruled briefly as Neferneferuaten after her husband’s death and before the ascension of Tutankhamun, although this identification is a matter of ongoing debate.[5][6] If Nefertiti did rule as Pharaoh, her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.[7]
She was made famous by her bust, now in Berlin’s Neues Museum. The bust is one of the most copied works of art of ancient Egypt. It was attributed to the sculptor Thutmose, and it was found in his workshop.
Names and titles[edit]
Nefertiti had many titles including:
- Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t)
- Great of Praises (wrt-Hzwt)
- Lady of Grace (nebet-imat, nbt-jmꜣt)
- Sweet of Love (beneret-merut, bnrt-mrwt)
- Lady of The Two Lands (nebet-tawi, nbt-tꜣwj)
- Main King’s Wife, his beloved (hemet-nesut-aat meretef, ḥmt-nswt-ꜥꜣt mrt.f)
- Great King’s Wife, his beloved (hemet-nesut-weret meretef, ḥmt-nswt-wrt mrt.f)
- Lady of All Women (henut-hemut-nebut, ḥnwt-ḥmwt-nbwt)
- Mistress of Upper & Lower Egypt (henut-shemau-mehu, ḥnwt-šmꜣw-mḥw).[8]
While modern Egyptological pronunciation renders her name as Nefertiti, her name was the sentence nfr.t jj.tj “the beautiful one has come” and probably contemporarily pronounced Naftita from older Nafrat-ita or perhaps Nafert-yiti.[9][10] Nefertiti’s name, Egyptian Nfr.t-jy.tj, can be translated as «The Beautiful Woman has Come».[11]
Family and early life[edit]
Almost nothing is known about Nefertiti’s life prior to her marriage to Akhenaten. Scenes from the tombs of the nobles in Amarna mention that Nefertiti had a sister, named Mutbenret.[12][13][14] Further, a woman named Tey carried the title of «Nurse of the Great Royal Wife.»[15] In addition, Tey’s husband Ay carried the title «God’s Father.» Some Egyptologists believe that this title was used for a man whose daughter married the pharaoh.[16] Based on these titles, it has been proposed that Ay was in fact Nefertiti’s father.[11] However, neither Ay or Tey are explicitly referred to as Nefertiti’s parents in the existing sources. At the same time, no sources exist that directly contradict Ay’s fatherhood which is considered likely due to the great influence he wielded during Nefertiti’s life and after her death.[11] According to another theory, Nefertiti was the daughter of Ay and a woman besides Tey, but Ay’s first wife died before Nefertiti’s rise to the position of queen, whereupon Ay married Tey, making her Nefertiti’s stepmother. Nevertheless, this entire proposal is based on speculation and conjecture.[17]
It has also been proposed that Nefertiti was Akhenaten’s full sister, though this is contradicted by her titles which do not include the title of «King’s Daughter» or «King’s Sister,» usually used to indicate a relative of a pharaoh.[11] Another theory about her parentage that gained some support identified Nefertiti with the Mitanni princess Tadukhipa,[18] partially based on Nefertiti’s name («The Beautiful Woman has Come») which has been interpreted by some scholars as signifying a foreign origin.[11] However, Tadukhipa was already married to Akhenaten’s father and there is no evidence for any reason why this woman would need to alter her name in a proposed marriage to Akhenaten, nor any hard evidence of a foreign non-Egyptian background for Nefertiti.
The exact dates when Nefertiti married Akhenaten and became the king’s great royal wife are uncertain. They are known to have had at least six daughters together, including Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten (later called Ankhesenamun when she married Tutankhamun), Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, and Setepenre.[14][18] She was once considered as a candidate for the mother of Tutankhamun, however a genetic study conducted on discovered mummies suggests that she was not.[19]
Life[edit]
Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king’s arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Close-up of a limestone relief depicting Nefertiti smiting a female captive on a royal barge. On display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Nefertiti first appears in scenes in Thebes. In the damaged tomb (TT188) of the royal butler Parennefer, the new king Amenhotep IV is accompanied by a royal woman, and this lady is thought to be an early depiction of Nefertiti. The king and queen are shown worshiping the Aten. In the tomb of the vizier Ramose, Nefertiti is shown standing behind Amenhotep IV in the Window of Appearance during the reward ceremony for the vizier.[18]
A standing/striding figure of Nefertiti made of limestone. Originally from Amarna, part of the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection.
During the early years in Thebes, Akhenaten (still known as Amenhotep IV) had several temples erected at Karnak. One of the structures, the Mansion of the Benben (hwt-ben-ben), was dedicated to Nefertiti. She is depicted with her daughter Meritaten and in some scenes the princess Meketaten participates as well. In scenes found on the talatat, Nefertiti appears almost twice as often as her husband. She is shown appearing behind her husband the pharaoh in offering scenes in the role of the queen supporting her husband, but she is also depicted in scenes that would have normally been the prerogative of the king. She is shown smiting the enemy, and captive enemies decorate her throne.[20]
In the fourth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV decided to move the capital to Akhetaten (modern Amarna). In his fifth year, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten, and Nefertiti was henceforth known as Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti. The name change was a sign of the ever-increasing importance of the cult of the Aten. It changed Egypt’s religion from a polytheistic religion to a religion which may have been better described as a monolatry (the depiction of a single god as an object for worship) or henotheism (one god, who is not the only god).[21]
The boundary stelae of years 4 and 5 mark the boundaries of the new city and suggest that the move to the new city of Akhetaten occurred around that time. The new city contained several large open-air temples dedicated to the Aten. Nefertiti and her family would have resided in the Great Royal Palace in the centre of the city and possibly at the Northern Palace as well. Nefertiti and the rest of the royal family feature prominently in the scenes at the palaces and in the tombs of the nobles.
Nefertiti’s steward during this time was an official named Meryre II. He would have been in charge of running her household.[5][18]
Inscriptions in the tombs of Huya and Meryre II dated to Year 12, 2nd month of Peret, Day 8 show a large foreign tribute. The people of Kharu (the north) and Kush (the south) are shown bringing gifts of gold and precious items to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. In the tomb of Meryre II, Nefertiti’s steward, the royal couple is shown seated in a kiosk with their six daughters in attendance.[5][18] This is one of the last times princess Meketaten is shown alive.
Two representations of Nefertiti that were excavated by Flinders Petrie appear to show Nefertiti in the middle to later part of Akhenaten’s reign ‘after the exaggerated style of the early years had relaxed somewhat’.[22] One is a small piece on limestone and is a preliminary sketch of Nefertiti wearing her distinctive tall crown with carving began around the mouth, chin, ear and tab of the crown. Another is a small inlay head (Petrie Museum Number UC103) modeled from reddish-brown quartzite that was clearly intended to fit into a larger composition.
Meketaten may have died in year 13 or 14. Nefertiti, Akhenaten, and three princesses are shown mourning her.[23] The last dated inscription naming her and Akhenaten comes from a building inscription in the limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. It dates to year 16 of the king’s reign and is also the last dated inscription naming the king.[24]
Possible reign as Pharaoh[edit]
Many scholars believe Nefertiti had a role elevated from that of great royal wife, and was promoted to co-regent by her husband Pharaoh Akhenaten before his death.[25] She is depicted in many archaeological sites as equal in stature to a King, smiting Egypt’s enemies, riding a chariot, and worshipping the Aten in the manner of a pharaoh.[26] When Nefertiti’s name disappears from historical records, it is replaced by that of a co-regent named Neferneferuaten, who became a female Pharaoh.[27] It seems likely that Nefertiti, in a similar fashion to the previous female Pharaoh Hatshepsut, assumed the kingship under the name Pharaoh Neferneferuaten after her husband’s death. It is also possible that, in a similar fashion to Hatshepsut, Nefertiti disguised herself as a male and assumed the male alter-ego of Smenkhkare; in this instance she could have elevated her daughter Meritaten to the role of great royal wife.
If Nefertiti did rule Egypt as Pharaoh, it has been theorized that she would have attempted damage control and may have re-instated the ancient Egyptian religion and the Amun priests, and had Tutankhamun raised in with the traditional gods.[28]
Archaeologist and Egyptologist Dr. Zahi Hawass theorized that Nefertiti returned to Thebes from Amarna to rule as Pharaoh, based on ushabti and other feminine evidence of a female pharaoh found in Tutankhamun’s tomb, as well as evidence of Nefertiti smiting Egypt’s enemies which was a duty reserved to kings.[29]
Death[edit]
Nefertiti worshipping the Aten. She is given the title of Mistress of the Two Lands. On display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Old theories[edit]
Fragment with cartouche of Akhenaten, which is followed by epithet Great in his Lifespan and the title of Nefertiti Great King’s Wife. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Pre-2012 Egyptological theories thought that Nefertiti vanished from the historical record around Year 12 of Akhenaten’s reign, with no word of her thereafter. Conjectured causes included injury, a plague that was sweeping through the city, and a natural cause. This theory was based on the discovery of several ushabti fragments inscribed for Nefertiti (now located in the Louvre and the Brooklyn Museum).
A previous theory that she fell into disgrace was discredited when deliberate erasures of monuments belonging to a queen of Akhenaten were shown to refer to Kiya instead.[14]
During Akhenaten’s reign (and perhaps after), Nefertiti enjoyed unprecedented power. By the twelfth year of his reign, there is evidence she may have been elevated to the status of co-regent:[30] equal in status to the pharaoh, as may be depicted on the Coregency Stela.
It is possible that Nefertiti is the ruler named Neferneferuaten. Some theorists believe that Nefertiti was still alive and held influence on the younger royals. If this is the case, that influence and presumably Nefertiti’s own life would have ended by year 3 of Tutankhaten’s reign (1331 BC). In that year, Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun. This is evidence of his return to the official worship of Amun, and abandonment of Amarna to return the capital to Thebes.[5]
New theories[edit]
In 2012, the discovery of an inscription dated to Year 16, month 3 of Akhet, day 15 of the reign of Akhenaten was announced.[31] It was discovered within Quarry 320 in the largest wadi of the limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis.[32] The five line inscription, written in red ochre, mentions the presence of the «Great Royal Wife, His Beloved, Mistress of the Two Lands, Neferneferuaten Nefertiti».[33][34] The final line of the inscription refers to ongoing building work being carried out under the authority of the king’s scribe Penthu on the Small Aten Temple in Amarna.[35] Van der Perre stresses that:
This inscription offers incontrovertible evidence that both Akhenaten and Nefertiti were still alive in the 16th year of his [Akhenaten’s] reign and, more importantly, that they were still holding the same positions as at the start of their reign. This makes it necessary to rethink the final years of the Amarna Period.[36]
This means that Nefertiti was alive in the second to last year of Akhenaten’s reign, and demonstrates that Akhenaten still ruled alone, with his wife by his side. Therefore, the rule of the female Amarna pharaoh known as Neferneferuaten must be placed between the death of Akhenaten and the accession of Tutankhamun. Neferneferuaten, this female pharaoh, specifically used the epithet ‘Effective for her husband’ in one of her cartouches,[27] which means she was either Nefertiti or her daughter Meritaten (who was married to king Smenkhkare).
Burial[edit]
Limestone trial piece showing head of Nefertiti. Mainly in ink, but the lips were cut out. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Nefertiti’s burial was intended to be made within the Royal Tomb as laid out in the Boundary Stelae.[37] It is possible that the unfinished annex of the Royal Tomb was intended for her use.[38] However, given that Akhenaten appears to have predeceased her it is highly unlikely she was ever buried there. One shabti is known to have been made for her.[39] The unfinished Tomb 29, which would have been of very similar dimensions to the Royal Tomb had it been finished, is the most likely candidate for a tomb begun for Nefertiti’s exclusive use.[40] Given that it lacks a burial chamber, she was not interred there either.
In 2015, English archaeologist Nicholas Reeves announced that high resolution scans revealed voids behind the walls of Tutankhamun’s tomb which he proposed to be the burial chamber of Nefertiti,[41][42] but subsequent radar scans showed that there are no hidden chambers.[43][44]
In 1898, French archeologist Victor Loret found two female mummies among those cached inside the tomb of Amenhotep II in KV35 in the Valley of the Kings. These two mummies, known as ‘The Elder Lady’ and ‘The Younger Lady’, were identified as likely candidates of her remains.
An article in KMT magazine in 2001 suggested that the Elder Lady might be Nefertiti.[45] However, it was subsequently shown that the ‘Elder Lady’ is in fact Tiye, mother of Akhenaten. A lock of hair found in a coffinette bearing an inscription naming Queen Tiye proved a near perfect match to the hair of the ‘Elder Lady’.[46] DNA analysis confirmed that she was the daughter of Tiye’s parents Yuya and Thuya.[47]
On 9 June 2003 archaeologist Joann Fletcher, a specialist in ancient hair from the University of York in England, announced that Nefertiti’s mummy may have been the Younger Lady. This theory was criticised by Zahi Hawass and several other Egyptologists.[48] In a subsequent research project led by Hawass, the mummy was put through CT scan analysis and DNA analysis. Researchers concluded that she is Tutankhamun’s biological mother, an unnamed daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye, not Nefertiti.[19]
KV21B mummy[edit]
One of the two female mummies found in KV21 has been suggested as the body of Nefertiti. DNA analysis did not yield enough data to make a definitive identification but confirmed she was a member of the Eighteenth Dynasty royal line.[49] CT-scanning revealed she was about 45 at the time of her death; her left arm had been bent over her chest in the ‘queenly’ pose. The possible identification is based on her association with the mummy tentatively identified as Ankhesenamun. It is suggested that just as a mother and daughter (Tiye and the Younger Lady) were found lying together in KV35, the same was true of these mummies.[50]
Hittite letters[edit]
A document was found in the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa which dates to the Amarna period; the so-called «Deeds» of Suppiluliuma I. The Hittite ruler receives a letter from the Egyptian queen, while being in siege on Karkemish. The letter reads:[51]
My husband has died and I have no son. They say about you that you have many sons. You might give me one of your sons to become my husband. I would not wish to take one of my subjects as a husband… I am afraid.
This proposal is considered extraordinary as New Kingdom royal women never married foreign royalty.[52] Suppiluliuma I was understandably surprised and exclaimed to his courtiers:[51]
Nothing like this has happened to me in my entire life!
Understandably, he was wary, and had an envoy investigate the situation, but by so doing, he missed his chance to bring Egypt into his empire.[51] He eventually did send one of his sons, Zannanza, but the prince died, perhaps murdered, en route.[53][54]
The identity of the queen who wrote the letter is uncertain. She is called Dakhamunzu in the Hittite annals, a translation of the Egyptian title Ta hemet nesu (The King’s Wife).[55][56][57] The possible candidates are Nefertiti, Meritaten,[58] and Ankhesenamun. Ankhesenamun once seemed likely since there were no candidates for the throne on the death of her husband, Tutankhamun, whereas Akhenaten had at least two legitimate successors, but this was based on a 27-year reign for the last 18th Dynasty pharaoh Horemheb who is now accepted to have had a shorter reign of only 14 years. This makes the deceased Egyptian king appear to be Akhenaten instead rather than Tutankhamun.[citation needed] Furthermore, the phrase regarding marriage to ‘one of my subjects’ (translated by some as ‘servants’) is possibly either a reference to the Grand Vizier Ay or a secondary member of the Egyptian royal family line. Since Nefertiti was depicted as being as powerful as her husband in official monuments smiting Egypt’s enemies, she might be the Dakhamunzu in the Amarna correspondence as Nicholas Reeves believes.[59]
Gallery[edit]
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Headless bust of Akhenaten or Nefertiti. Part of a composite red quartzite statue. Intentional damage. Four pairs of early Aten cartouches. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Limestone statuette of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, or Amenhotep III and Tiye,[60] and a princess. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Limestone relief fragment. A princess holding sistrum behind Nefertiti, who is partially seen. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Siliceous limestone fragment relief of Nefertiti. Extreme style of portrait. Reign of Akhenaten, probably early Amarna Period. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Granite head statue of Nefertiti. The securing post at head apex allows for different hairstyles to adorn the head. Altes Museum, Berlin.
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Limestone relief of Nefertiti kissing one of her daughters, Brooklyn Museum.
Cultural depictions[edit]
- Nefertiti was portrayed by Geraldine Chaplin in Nefertiti and Akhenaton (1973), Mexican short film of Raul Araiza.
- Nefertiti was also portrayed by Riann Steele in Doctor Who (2012), in the episode Dinosaurs on a Spaceship.
References[edit]
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: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Yehia Z.; Somaia, Ismail; Khairat, Rabab; Fathalla, Dina; Hasan, Naglaa; Ahmed, Amal; Elleithy, Hisham; Ball, Markus; Gaballah, Fawzi; Wasef, Sally; Fateen, Mohamed; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Selim, Ashraf; Zink, Albert; Pusch, Carsten M. (February 17, 2010). «Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family». Journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago, Illinois: American Medical Association. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 20159872. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar N. (2016). Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. New York: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 132–142. ISBN 978-977-416-673-0.
- ^ a b c Güterbock, Hans Gustav (June 1956). «The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II (Continued)». Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 10 (3): 75–98. doi:10.2307/1359312. JSTOR 1359312. S2CID 163670780.
- ^ Schulman, Alan R. (1979). «Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom». Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 38 (3): 179–180. doi:10.1086/372739. JSTOR 544713. S2CID 161228521.
- ^ Güterbock, Hans Gustav (September 1956). «The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II». Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 10 (4): 107–130. doi:10.2307/1359585. JSTOR 1359585. S2CID 224824543.
- ^ Amelie Kuhrt (1997). The Ancient Middle East c. 3000 – 330 BC. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. p. 254.
- ^ Lloyd, Alan B. (6 May 2010). A Companion to Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4443-2006-0. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ Darnell, John Coleman; Manassa, Colleen (3 August 2007). Tutankhamun’s Armies: Battle and Conquest During Ancient Egypt’s Late Eighteenth Dynasty. John Wiley & Sons. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-471-74358-3. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ Matthews, Roger; Roemer, Cornelia, eds. (16 September 2016). Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. Routledge. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-315-43491-9. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ Grajetzki, Wolfram (2000). Ancient Egyptian Queens; a hieroglyphic dictionary. London: Golden House. p. 64.
- ^ Nicholas Reeves,Tutankhamun’s Mask Reconsidered BES 19 (2014), pp.523
- ^ Johnson, W. Raymond (1996). «Amenhotep III and Amarna: Some New Considerations». The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 82: 76. doi:10.1177/030751339608200112. JSTOR 3822115. S2CID 193461821.
Works cited[edit]
- Dodson, Aidan (2016) [1st pub. 2014]. Amarna Sunrise. Egypt from Golden Age to Age of Heresy. Cairo; New York City: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9781617975608.
External links[edit]
- Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection Archived 2010-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
- C. Nicholas Reeves: The Burial of Nefertiti?
- Habicht M. et al: Who else might be in Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb (KV 62, c. 1325 BC)?
- A 3D model of a bust of Nefertiti
Nefertiti | ||
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The bust of Nefertiti from the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection, presently in the Neues Museum |
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Queen consort of Egypt | ||
Tenure | 1353–1336 BC[1] or 1351–1334 BC[2] |
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Born | c. 1370 BC Thebes, Egypt |
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Died | c. 1330 BC | |
Spouse | Akhenaten | |
Issue |
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Dynasty | 18th of Egypt | |
Father | Ay (possibly) | |
Mother | Iuy? (possibly) | |
Religion | Ancient Egyptian religion |
Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti in hieroglyphs | |||||||||||
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Neferneferuaten Nefertiti |
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Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten |
Neferneferuaten Nefertiti ([3]) (c. 1370 – c. 1330 BC) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known for a radical change in national religious policy, in which they promoted a form of proto-monotheism centred on the sun god Aten. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of ancient Egyptian history.[4] Some scholars believe that Nefertiti ruled briefly as Neferneferuaten after her husband’s death and before the ascension of Tutankhamun, although this identification is a matter of ongoing debate.[5][6] If Nefertiti did rule as Pharaoh, her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.[7]
She was made famous by her bust, now in Berlin’s Neues Museum. The bust is one of the most copied works of art of ancient Egypt. It was attributed to the sculptor Thutmose, and it was found in his workshop.
Names and titles[edit]
Nefertiti had many titles including:
- Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t)
- Great of Praises (wrt-Hzwt)
- Lady of Grace (nebet-imat, nbt-jmꜣt)
- Sweet of Love (beneret-merut, bnrt-mrwt)
- Lady of The Two Lands (nebet-tawi, nbt-tꜣwj)
- Main King’s Wife, his beloved (hemet-nesut-aat meretef, ḥmt-nswt-ꜥꜣt mrt.f)
- Great King’s Wife, his beloved (hemet-nesut-weret meretef, ḥmt-nswt-wrt mrt.f)
- Lady of All Women (henut-hemut-nebut, ḥnwt-ḥmwt-nbwt)
- Mistress of Upper & Lower Egypt (henut-shemau-mehu, ḥnwt-šmꜣw-mḥw).[8]
While modern Egyptological pronunciation renders her name as Nefertiti, her name was the sentence nfr.t jj.tj “the beautiful one has come” and probably contemporarily pronounced Naftita from older Nafrat-ita or perhaps Nafert-yiti.[9][10] Nefertiti’s name, Egyptian Nfr.t-jy.tj, can be translated as «The Beautiful Woman has Come».[11]
Family and early life[edit]
Almost nothing is known about Nefertiti’s life prior to her marriage to Akhenaten. Scenes from the tombs of the nobles in Amarna mention that Nefertiti had a sister, named Mutbenret.[12][13][14] Further, a woman named Tey carried the title of «Nurse of the Great Royal Wife.»[15] In addition, Tey’s husband Ay carried the title «God’s Father.» Some Egyptologists believe that this title was used for a man whose daughter married the pharaoh.[16] Based on these titles, it has been proposed that Ay was in fact Nefertiti’s father.[11] However, neither Ay or Tey are explicitly referred to as Nefertiti’s parents in the existing sources. At the same time, no sources exist that directly contradict Ay’s fatherhood which is considered likely due to the great influence he wielded during Nefertiti’s life and after her death.[11] According to another theory, Nefertiti was the daughter of Ay and a woman besides Tey, but Ay’s first wife died before Nefertiti’s rise to the position of queen, whereupon Ay married Tey, making her Nefertiti’s stepmother. Nevertheless, this entire proposal is based on speculation and conjecture.[17]
It has also been proposed that Nefertiti was Akhenaten’s full sister, though this is contradicted by her titles which do not include the title of «King’s Daughter» or «King’s Sister,» usually used to indicate a relative of a pharaoh.[11] Another theory about her parentage that gained some support identified Nefertiti with the Mitanni princess Tadukhipa,[18] partially based on Nefertiti’s name («The Beautiful Woman has Come») which has been interpreted by some scholars as signifying a foreign origin.[11] However, Tadukhipa was already married to Akhenaten’s father and there is no evidence for any reason why this woman would need to alter her name in a proposed marriage to Akhenaten, nor any hard evidence of a foreign non-Egyptian background for Nefertiti.
The exact dates when Nefertiti married Akhenaten and became the king’s great royal wife are uncertain. They are known to have had at least six daughters together, including Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten (later called Ankhesenamun when she married Tutankhamun), Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, and Setepenre.[14][18] She was once considered as a candidate for the mother of Tutankhamun, however a genetic study conducted on discovered mummies suggests that she was not.[19]
Life[edit]
Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king’s arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Close-up of a limestone relief depicting Nefertiti smiting a female captive on a royal barge. On display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Nefertiti first appears in scenes in Thebes. In the damaged tomb (TT188) of the royal butler Parennefer, the new king Amenhotep IV is accompanied by a royal woman, and this lady is thought to be an early depiction of Nefertiti. The king and queen are shown worshiping the Aten. In the tomb of the vizier Ramose, Nefertiti is shown standing behind Amenhotep IV in the Window of Appearance during the reward ceremony for the vizier.[18]
A standing/striding figure of Nefertiti made of limestone. Originally from Amarna, part of the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection.
During the early years in Thebes, Akhenaten (still known as Amenhotep IV) had several temples erected at Karnak. One of the structures, the Mansion of the Benben (hwt-ben-ben), was dedicated to Nefertiti. She is depicted with her daughter Meritaten and in some scenes the princess Meketaten participates as well. In scenes found on the talatat, Nefertiti appears almost twice as often as her husband. She is shown appearing behind her husband the pharaoh in offering scenes in the role of the queen supporting her husband, but she is also depicted in scenes that would have normally been the prerogative of the king. She is shown smiting the enemy, and captive enemies decorate her throne.[20]
In the fourth year of his reign, Amenhotep IV decided to move the capital to Akhetaten (modern Amarna). In his fifth year, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten, and Nefertiti was henceforth known as Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti. The name change was a sign of the ever-increasing importance of the cult of the Aten. It changed Egypt’s religion from a polytheistic religion to a religion which may have been better described as a monolatry (the depiction of a single god as an object for worship) or henotheism (one god, who is not the only god).[21]
The boundary stelae of years 4 and 5 mark the boundaries of the new city and suggest that the move to the new city of Akhetaten occurred around that time. The new city contained several large open-air temples dedicated to the Aten. Nefertiti and her family would have resided in the Great Royal Palace in the centre of the city and possibly at the Northern Palace as well. Nefertiti and the rest of the royal family feature prominently in the scenes at the palaces and in the tombs of the nobles.
Nefertiti’s steward during this time was an official named Meryre II. He would have been in charge of running her household.[5][18]
Inscriptions in the tombs of Huya and Meryre II dated to Year 12, 2nd month of Peret, Day 8 show a large foreign tribute. The people of Kharu (the north) and Kush (the south) are shown bringing gifts of gold and precious items to Akhenaten and Nefertiti. In the tomb of Meryre II, Nefertiti’s steward, the royal couple is shown seated in a kiosk with their six daughters in attendance.[5][18] This is one of the last times princess Meketaten is shown alive.
Two representations of Nefertiti that were excavated by Flinders Petrie appear to show Nefertiti in the middle to later part of Akhenaten’s reign ‘after the exaggerated style of the early years had relaxed somewhat’.[22] One is a small piece on limestone and is a preliminary sketch of Nefertiti wearing her distinctive tall crown with carving began around the mouth, chin, ear and tab of the crown. Another is a small inlay head (Petrie Museum Number UC103) modeled from reddish-brown quartzite that was clearly intended to fit into a larger composition.
Meketaten may have died in year 13 or 14. Nefertiti, Akhenaten, and three princesses are shown mourning her.[23] The last dated inscription naming her and Akhenaten comes from a building inscription in the limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. It dates to year 16 of the king’s reign and is also the last dated inscription naming the king.[24]
Possible reign as Pharaoh[edit]
Many scholars believe Nefertiti had a role elevated from that of great royal wife, and was promoted to co-regent by her husband Pharaoh Akhenaten before his death.[25] She is depicted in many archaeological sites as equal in stature to a King, smiting Egypt’s enemies, riding a chariot, and worshipping the Aten in the manner of a pharaoh.[26] When Nefertiti’s name disappears from historical records, it is replaced by that of a co-regent named Neferneferuaten, who became a female Pharaoh.[27] It seems likely that Nefertiti, in a similar fashion to the previous female Pharaoh Hatshepsut, assumed the kingship under the name Pharaoh Neferneferuaten after her husband’s death. It is also possible that, in a similar fashion to Hatshepsut, Nefertiti disguised herself as a male and assumed the male alter-ego of Smenkhkare; in this instance she could have elevated her daughter Meritaten to the role of great royal wife.
If Nefertiti did rule Egypt as Pharaoh, it has been theorized that she would have attempted damage control and may have re-instated the ancient Egyptian religion and the Amun priests, and had Tutankhamun raised in with the traditional gods.[28]
Archaeologist and Egyptologist Dr. Zahi Hawass theorized that Nefertiti returned to Thebes from Amarna to rule as Pharaoh, based on ushabti and other feminine evidence of a female pharaoh found in Tutankhamun’s tomb, as well as evidence of Nefertiti smiting Egypt’s enemies which was a duty reserved to kings.[29]
Death[edit]
Nefertiti worshipping the Aten. She is given the title of Mistress of the Two Lands. On display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Old theories[edit]
Fragment with cartouche of Akhenaten, which is followed by epithet Great in his Lifespan and the title of Nefertiti Great King’s Wife. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Pre-2012 Egyptological theories thought that Nefertiti vanished from the historical record around Year 12 of Akhenaten’s reign, with no word of her thereafter. Conjectured causes included injury, a plague that was sweeping through the city, and a natural cause. This theory was based on the discovery of several ushabti fragments inscribed for Nefertiti (now located in the Louvre and the Brooklyn Museum).
A previous theory that she fell into disgrace was discredited when deliberate erasures of monuments belonging to a queen of Akhenaten were shown to refer to Kiya instead.[14]
During Akhenaten’s reign (and perhaps after), Nefertiti enjoyed unprecedented power. By the twelfth year of his reign, there is evidence she may have been elevated to the status of co-regent:[30] equal in status to the pharaoh, as may be depicted on the Coregency Stela.
It is possible that Nefertiti is the ruler named Neferneferuaten. Some theorists believe that Nefertiti was still alive and held influence on the younger royals. If this is the case, that influence and presumably Nefertiti’s own life would have ended by year 3 of Tutankhaten’s reign (1331 BC). In that year, Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun. This is evidence of his return to the official worship of Amun, and abandonment of Amarna to return the capital to Thebes.[5]
New theories[edit]
In 2012, the discovery of an inscription dated to Year 16, month 3 of Akhet, day 15 of the reign of Akhenaten was announced.[31] It was discovered within Quarry 320 in the largest wadi of the limestone quarry at Dayr Abū Ḥinnis.[32] The five line inscription, written in red ochre, mentions the presence of the «Great Royal Wife, His Beloved, Mistress of the Two Lands, Neferneferuaten Nefertiti».[33][34] The final line of the inscription refers to ongoing building work being carried out under the authority of the king’s scribe Penthu on the Small Aten Temple in Amarna.[35] Van der Perre stresses that:
This inscription offers incontrovertible evidence that both Akhenaten and Nefertiti were still alive in the 16th year of his [Akhenaten’s] reign and, more importantly, that they were still holding the same positions as at the start of their reign. This makes it necessary to rethink the final years of the Amarna Period.[36]
This means that Nefertiti was alive in the second to last year of Akhenaten’s reign, and demonstrates that Akhenaten still ruled alone, with his wife by his side. Therefore, the rule of the female Amarna pharaoh known as Neferneferuaten must be placed between the death of Akhenaten and the accession of Tutankhamun. Neferneferuaten, this female pharaoh, specifically used the epithet ‘Effective for her husband’ in one of her cartouches,[27] which means she was either Nefertiti or her daughter Meritaten (who was married to king Smenkhkare).
Burial[edit]
Limestone trial piece showing head of Nefertiti. Mainly in ink, but the lips were cut out. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
Nefertiti’s burial was intended to be made within the Royal Tomb as laid out in the Boundary Stelae.[37] It is possible that the unfinished annex of the Royal Tomb was intended for her use.[38] However, given that Akhenaten appears to have predeceased her it is highly unlikely she was ever buried there. One shabti is known to have been made for her.[39] The unfinished Tomb 29, which would have been of very similar dimensions to the Royal Tomb had it been finished, is the most likely candidate for a tomb begun for Nefertiti’s exclusive use.[40] Given that it lacks a burial chamber, she was not interred there either.
In 2015, English archaeologist Nicholas Reeves announced that high resolution scans revealed voids behind the walls of Tutankhamun’s tomb which he proposed to be the burial chamber of Nefertiti,[41][42] but subsequent radar scans showed that there are no hidden chambers.[43][44]
In 1898, French archeologist Victor Loret found two female mummies among those cached inside the tomb of Amenhotep II in KV35 in the Valley of the Kings. These two mummies, known as ‘The Elder Lady’ and ‘The Younger Lady’, were identified as likely candidates of her remains.
An article in KMT magazine in 2001 suggested that the Elder Lady might be Nefertiti.[45] However, it was subsequently shown that the ‘Elder Lady’ is in fact Tiye, mother of Akhenaten. A lock of hair found in a coffinette bearing an inscription naming Queen Tiye proved a near perfect match to the hair of the ‘Elder Lady’.[46] DNA analysis confirmed that she was the daughter of Tiye’s parents Yuya and Thuya.[47]
On 9 June 2003 archaeologist Joann Fletcher, a specialist in ancient hair from the University of York in England, announced that Nefertiti’s mummy may have been the Younger Lady. This theory was criticised by Zahi Hawass and several other Egyptologists.[48] In a subsequent research project led by Hawass, the mummy was put through CT scan analysis and DNA analysis. Researchers concluded that she is Tutankhamun’s biological mother, an unnamed daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye, not Nefertiti.[19]
KV21B mummy[edit]
One of the two female mummies found in KV21 has been suggested as the body of Nefertiti. DNA analysis did not yield enough data to make a definitive identification but confirmed she was a member of the Eighteenth Dynasty royal line.[49] CT-scanning revealed she was about 45 at the time of her death; her left arm had been bent over her chest in the ‘queenly’ pose. The possible identification is based on her association with the mummy tentatively identified as Ankhesenamun. It is suggested that just as a mother and daughter (Tiye and the Younger Lady) were found lying together in KV35, the same was true of these mummies.[50]
Hittite letters[edit]
A document was found in the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa which dates to the Amarna period; the so-called «Deeds» of Suppiluliuma I. The Hittite ruler receives a letter from the Egyptian queen, while being in siege on Karkemish. The letter reads:[51]
My husband has died and I have no son. They say about you that you have many sons. You might give me one of your sons to become my husband. I would not wish to take one of my subjects as a husband… I am afraid.
This proposal is considered extraordinary as New Kingdom royal women never married foreign royalty.[52] Suppiluliuma I was understandably surprised and exclaimed to his courtiers:[51]
Nothing like this has happened to me in my entire life!
Understandably, he was wary, and had an envoy investigate the situation, but by so doing, he missed his chance to bring Egypt into his empire.[51] He eventually did send one of his sons, Zannanza, but the prince died, perhaps murdered, en route.[53][54]
The identity of the queen who wrote the letter is uncertain. She is called Dakhamunzu in the Hittite annals, a translation of the Egyptian title Ta hemet nesu (The King’s Wife).[55][56][57] The possible candidates are Nefertiti, Meritaten,[58] and Ankhesenamun. Ankhesenamun once seemed likely since there were no candidates for the throne on the death of her husband, Tutankhamun, whereas Akhenaten had at least two legitimate successors, but this was based on a 27-year reign for the last 18th Dynasty pharaoh Horemheb who is now accepted to have had a shorter reign of only 14 years. This makes the deceased Egyptian king appear to be Akhenaten instead rather than Tutankhamun.[citation needed] Furthermore, the phrase regarding marriage to ‘one of my subjects’ (translated by some as ‘servants’) is possibly either a reference to the Grand Vizier Ay or a secondary member of the Egyptian royal family line. Since Nefertiti was depicted as being as powerful as her husband in official monuments smiting Egypt’s enemies, she might be the Dakhamunzu in the Amarna correspondence as Nicholas Reeves believes.[59]
Gallery[edit]
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Headless bust of Akhenaten or Nefertiti. Part of a composite red quartzite statue. Intentional damage. Four pairs of early Aten cartouches. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Limestone statuette of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, or Amenhotep III and Tiye,[60] and a princess. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Limestone relief fragment. A princess holding sistrum behind Nefertiti, who is partially seen. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Siliceous limestone fragment relief of Nefertiti. Extreme style of portrait. Reign of Akhenaten, probably early Amarna Period. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Granite head statue of Nefertiti. The securing post at head apex allows for different hairstyles to adorn the head. Altes Museum, Berlin.
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Limestone relief of Nefertiti kissing one of her daughters, Brooklyn Museum.
Cultural depictions[edit]
- Nefertiti was portrayed by Geraldine Chaplin in Nefertiti and Akhenaton (1973), Mexican short film of Raul Araiza.
- Nefertiti was also portrayed by Riann Steele in Doctor Who (2012), in the episode Dinosaurs on a Spaceship.
References[edit]
- ^ «Akhenaton». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26.
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, (1997), p.190
- ^ «Nefertit or». Collins Dictionary. n.d. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ RE Freed, S D’Auria, YJ Markowitz (1999). Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen (Museum of Fine Arts, Leiden).
- ^ a b c d Dodson, Aidan, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. The American University in Cairo Press. 2009, ISBN 978-977-416-304-3.
- ^ Van de Perre, Athena. 2014. «The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis: A contribution to the study of the later years of Nefertiti». Journal of Egyptian History 7:67-108.
- ^ Badger Utopia (2017-08-11), Nefertiti — Mummy Queen of Mystery, retrieved 2017-10-30
- ^ Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Golden House Publications, London, 2005, ISBN 978-0-9547218-9-3
- ^ Schenkel, W. «Zur Rekonstruktion deverbalen Nominalbildung des Ägyptischen», Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden. 1983, pp. 212, 214,247
- ^ Allen, James P. (2014-07-24). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05364-9.
- ^ a b c d e Dodson (2016), p. 87.
- ^ Norman De Garis Davies, The rock tombs of el-Amarna, Parts I and II: Part 1 The tomb of Meryra & Part 2 The tombs of Panehesy and Meyra II, Egypt Exploration Society (2004)
- ^ Norman De Garis Davies, The rock tombs of el-Amarna, Parts V and VI: Part 5 Smaller tombs and boundary stelae & Part 6 Tombs of Parennefer, Tutu and Ay, Egypt Exploration Society (2004)
- ^ a b c Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
- ^ Jacobus Van Dijk, Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamun Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, BACE 7 (1996), p.32
- ^ van Dijk, J. (1996). «Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamun» (PDF). Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology: 31–32. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ^ Dodson (2016), p. 87–88.
- ^ a b c d e Tyldesley, Joyce. Nefertiti: Egypt’s Sun Queen. Penguin. 1998. ISBN 0-670-86998-8
- ^ a b Hawas, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar N. (2016). Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. New York: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-977-416-673-0.
- ^ Redford, Donald B. (1987). Akhenaten, the Heretic King. ISBN 9780691002170.
- ^ Dominic Montserrat, Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt, Psychology Press, 2003
- ^ Trope, B., Quirke, S., Lacovara, P., Excavating Egypt. Great Discoveries from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, 2005 ISBN 1-928917-06-2
- ^ Murnane, William J., Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt, Society of Biblical Literature, 1995 ISBN 1-55540-966-0
- ^ Athena Van der Perreː The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr AbūḤinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti, inːJournal of Egyptian History, 7 (2014), 67-108
- ^ «Nefertiti — Ancient History — HISTORY.com». HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
- ^ AncientHistory (2017-04-28), Nefertiti’s Odyssey — National Geographic Documentary, archived from the original on 2019-11-06, retrieved 2017-10-26
- ^ a b Brand, P. (ed.). «Under a Deep Blue Starry Sky» (PDF). Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane. pp. 17–21. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12.
- ^ AncientHistory (2014-12-16), ‘Queen Nefertiti’ The Most Beautiful Face of Egypt (Discovery Channel), archived from the original on 2017-03-08, retrieved 2017-10-26
- ^ Badger Utopia (2017-08-11), Nefertiti — Mummy Queen of Mystery, retrieved 2017-10-26
- ^ Reeves, Nicholas. Akhenaten: Egypt’s False Prophet. p.172 Thames & Hudson. 2005. ISBN 0-500-28552-7
- ^ Van der Perre, Athena (2012). Seyfried, Friederike (ed.). In the Light of Amarna : 100 Years of the Nefertiti discovery. Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-3-86568-848-4.
- ^ Van der Perre, Athena (18 August 2014). «The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis. A Contribution to the Study of the Later Years of Nefertiti». Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1): 68. doi:10.1163/18741665-12340014.
- ^ Van der Perre, Athena (2012). Seyfried, Friederike (ed.). In the Light of Amarna : 100 Years of the Nefertiti discovery. Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. p. 197. ISBN 978-3-86568-848-4.
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Works cited[edit]
- Dodson, Aidan (2016) [1st pub. 2014]. Amarna Sunrise. Egypt from Golden Age to Age of Heresy. Cairo; New York City: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9781617975608.
External links[edit]
- Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection Archived 2010-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
- C. Nicholas Reeves: The Burial of Nefertiti?
- Habicht M. et al: Who else might be in Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb (KV 62, c. 1325 BC)?
- A 3D model of a bust of Nefertiti