Как правильно пишется слово мистер

Mister, usually written in its contracted form Mr. or Mr,^[1] is a commonly used English honorific for men without a higher honorific, or professional title, or any of various designations of office.^[1] The title ‘Mr’ derived from earlier forms of master, as the equivalent female titles Mrs, Miss, and Ms all derived from earlier forms of mistress. Master is sometimes still used as an honorific for boys and young men.

The modern plural form is Misters^{[citation needed]}, although its usual formal abbreviation Messrs(.)^{[note 1]} derives from use of the French title messieurs in the 18th century.^[2][5] Messieurs is the plural of monsieur (originally mon sieur, «my lord»), formed by declining both of its constituent parts separately.^[5]

Historical etiquette[edit]

Historically, mister was applied only to those above one’s own status if they had no higher title such as Sir or my lord in the English class system. That understanding is now obsolete, as it was gradually expanded as a mark of respect to those of equal status and then to all men without a higher style.

In the 19th century and earlier in Britain, two gradations of «gentleman» were recognised; the higher was entitled to use «esquire» (usually abbreviated to Esq, which followed the name), and the lower employed «Mr» before the name. Today, on correspondence from Buckingham Palace, a man who is a UK citizen is addressed with post-nominal «Esq», and a man of foreign nationality is addressed with prefix «Mr».

In past centuries, Mr was used with a first name to distinguish among family members who might otherwise be confused in conversation: Mr Doe would be the eldest present; younger brothers or cousins were then referred to as Mr Richard Doe and Mr William Doe and so on. Such usage survived longer in family-owned business or when domestic servants were referring to adult male family members with the same surname: «Mr Robert and Mr Richard will be out this evening, but Mr Edward is dining in.» In other circumstances, similar usage to indicate respect combined with familiarity is common in most anglophone cultures, including that of the southern United States.

Professional titles[edit]

Mr is sometimes combined with certain titles (Mr President, Mr Speaker, Mr Justice, Mr Dean). The feminine equivalent is usually Madam although Mrs is also used in some contexts. All of these except Mr Justice are used in direct address and without the name. In certain professional contexts in different regions, Mr has specific meanings; the following are some examples.

Medicine[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Ireland and in some Commonwealth countries (such as South Africa, New Zealand and some states of Australia), many surgeons use the title Mr (or Miss, Ms, Mrs, as appropriate), rather than Dr (Doctor). Until the 19th century, earning a medical degree was not required to become a surgeon. Hence, the modern practice of reverting from Dr to Mr after successfully completing qualifying exams in surgery (e.g., Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons or the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons) is a historical reference to the origins of surgery in the United Kingdom as non-medically qualified barber surgeons.^[6]

Military usage[edit]

In the United States Military, male warrant officers and chief warrant officers are addressed as Mister by senior commissioned officers. In the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard it is proper to use Mister to refer to commissioned officers below the rank of lieutenant commander, or to subordinate commissioned officers, though the use of Mister implies familiarity compared to the use of rank title for an unknown officer. Women officers below the rank of lieutenant commander may be addressed as Miss, Ms or Mrs, as appropriate.

In the British Armed Forces, a male warrant officer is addressed as Sir by other ranks and non-commissioned officers; commissioned officers, particularly of junior rank, should address a warrant officer using Mister and his surname, although often their rank or appointment is used, for example «Sergeant Major», «Regimental Sergeant Major», or «RSM».

In the British Armed Forces a subaltern is often referred to by his surname and the prefix Mister by both other ranks and more senior commissioned officers, e.g., «Report to Mister Smythe-Jones at once» rather than «Report to 2nd Lieutenant Smythe-Jones at once».

Judges[edit]

In the Courts of England and Wales, Judges of the High Court are called, for example, Mr Justice Crane unless they are entitled to be addressed as Lord Justice. Where a forename is necessary to avoid ambiguity it is always used, for example Mr Justice Robert Goff to distinguish from a predecessor Mr Justice Goff. The female equivalent is Mrs Justice Hallett, not Madam Justice Hallett. When more than one judge is sitting and there is need to be specific, the form of address is My Lord, Mr Justice Crane. High Court Judges are entitled to be styled with the prefix The Honourable while holding office: e.g., the Honourable Mr Justice Robert Goff. In writing, such as in the law reports, the titles «Mr Justice» or «Mrs Justice» are both abbreviated to a «J» placed after the name. For example, Crane J would be substituted for Mr Justice Crane.^[7] Female judges are still properly addressed «My Lord», but «My Lady» is acceptable in modern usage.^{[citation needed]}

The Chief Justice of the United States may be referred to as either «Mr Chief Justice», or «Chief Justice». For example, «Mr Chief Justice Roberts» or «Chief Justice Roberts».

Catholic clerics[edit]

Among Catholic clergy, «Mr» is the correct title and form of address for seminarians and other students for the priesthood and was once the proper title for all secular and parish priests, the use of the title «Father» being reserved to religious clergy only.^{[citation needed]} The use of the title «Father» for parish clergy became customary around the 1820s.

A diocesan seminarian is correctly addressed as «Mr», and once ordained a transitional deacon, is addressed in formal correspondence (though rarely in conversation) as the Reverend Mister (or «Rev. Mr»). In clerical religious institutes (those primarily made up of priests), Mr is the title given to scholastics. For instance, in the Jesuits, a man preparing for priesthood who has completed the novitiate but who is not yet ordained is properly, «Mr John Smith, SJ» and is addressed verbally as «Mister Smith»—this is to distinguish him from Jesuit brothers, and priests. (Although, before the 1820s, many Jesuit priests were also called «Mr».) Orders founded before the 16th century do not, as a rule, follow this practice: a Franciscan or Dominican, for instance, becomes a friar after novitiate and so is properly titled «Brother» or, if a priest, «Father».

Permanent deacons in the United States are styled as «Deacon» or «the Reverend Deacon» followed by their first and last names (e.g., «Deacon John Jones», rather than «the Reverend Mr»).^[8] It is also customary in some places, especially in the Eastern Catholic Churches to address deacons while speaking, like presbyters, as «Father» or «Father Deacon».

Other usages[edit]

• «Mister» can also be used in combination with another word to refer to someone who is regarded as the personification of, or master of, a particular field or subject, especially in the fields of popular entertainment and sports.^{[clarification needed]}
• In Italian football, deference to a coach is shown by players, staff and fans referring to him as «Il Mister,» or directly, «Mister». This is traditionally attributed to the conversion of the local game of Calcio to English-rules Association Football by British sailors, who would have been the first coaches.^[9]
• In the old Dutch title system the title «mr.» is used for a Master of Laws (LLM)

See also[edit]

• Slavic honorifics
• Sri

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Mister, usually written in its contracted form Mr. or Mr,^[1] is a commonly used English honorific for men without a higher honorific, or professional title, or any of various designations of office.^[1] The title ‘Mr’ derived from earlier forms of master, as the equivalent female titles Mrs, Miss, and Ms all derived from earlier forms of mistress. Master is sometimes still used as an honorific for boys and young men.

The modern plural form is Misters^{[citation needed]}, although its usual formal abbreviation Messrs(.)^{[note 1]} derives from use of the French title messieurs in the 18th century.^[2][5] Messieurs is the plural of monsieur (originally mon sieur, «my lord»), formed by declining both of its constituent parts separately.^[5]

Historical etiquette[edit]

Historically, mister was applied only to those above one’s own status if they had no higher title such as Sir or my lord in the English class system. That understanding is now obsolete, as it was gradually expanded as a mark of respect to those of equal status and then to all men without a higher style.

In the 19th century and earlier in Britain, two gradations of «gentleman» were recognised; the higher was entitled to use «esquire» (usually abbreviated to Esq, which followed the name), and the lower employed «Mr» before the name. Today, on correspondence from Buckingham Palace, a man who is a UK citizen is addressed with post-nominal «Esq», and a man of foreign nationality is addressed with prefix «Mr».

In past centuries, Mr was used with a first name to distinguish among family members who might otherwise be confused in conversation: Mr Doe would be the eldest present; younger brothers or cousins were then referred to as Mr Richard Doe and Mr William Doe and so on. Such usage survived longer in family-owned business or when domestic servants were referring to adult male family members with the same surname: «Mr Robert and Mr Richard will be out this evening, but Mr Edward is dining in.» In other circumstances, similar usage to indicate respect combined with familiarity is common in most anglophone cultures, including that of the southern United States.

Professional titles[edit]

Mr is sometimes combined with certain titles (Mr President, Mr Speaker, Mr Justice, Mr Dean). The feminine equivalent is usually Madam although Mrs is also used in some contexts. All of these except Mr Justice are used in direct address and without the name. In certain professional contexts in different regions, Mr has specific meanings; the following are some examples.

Medicine[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Ireland and in some Commonwealth countries (such as South Africa, New Zealand and some states of Australia), many surgeons use the title Mr (or Miss, Ms, Mrs, as appropriate), rather than Dr (Doctor). Until the 19th century, earning a medical degree was not required to become a surgeon. Hence, the modern practice of reverting from Dr to Mr after successfully completing qualifying exams in surgery (e.g., Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons or the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons) is a historical reference to the origins of surgery in the United Kingdom as non-medically qualified barber surgeons.^[6]

Military usage[edit]

In the United States Military, male warrant officers and chief warrant officers are addressed as Mister by senior commissioned officers. In the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard it is proper to use Mister to refer to commissioned officers below the rank of lieutenant commander, or to subordinate commissioned officers, though the use of Mister implies familiarity compared to the use of rank title for an unknown officer. Women officers below the rank of lieutenant commander may be addressed as Miss, Ms or Mrs, as appropriate.

In the British Armed Forces, a male warrant officer is addressed as Sir by other ranks and non-commissioned officers; commissioned officers, particularly of junior rank, should address a warrant officer using Mister and his surname, although often their rank or appointment is used, for example «Sergeant Major», «Regimental Sergeant Major», or «RSM».

In the British Armed Forces a subaltern is often referred to by his surname and the prefix Mister by both other ranks and more senior commissioned officers, e.g., «Report to Mister Smythe-Jones at once» rather than «Report to 2nd Lieutenant Smythe-Jones at once».

Judges[edit]

In the Courts of England and Wales, Judges of the High Court are called, for example, Mr Justice Crane unless they are entitled to be addressed as Lord Justice. Where a forename is necessary to avoid ambiguity it is always used, for example Mr Justice Robert Goff to distinguish from a predecessor Mr Justice Goff. The female equivalent is Mrs Justice Hallett, not Madam Justice Hallett. When more than one judge is sitting and there is need to be specific, the form of address is My Lord, Mr Justice Crane. High Court Judges are entitled to be styled with the prefix The Honourable while holding office: e.g., the Honourable Mr Justice Robert Goff. In writing, such as in the law reports, the titles «Mr Justice» or «Mrs Justice» are both abbreviated to a «J» placed after the name. For example, Crane J would be substituted for Mr Justice Crane.^[7] Female judges are still properly addressed «My Lord», but «My Lady» is acceptable in modern usage.^{[citation needed]}

The Chief Justice of the United States may be referred to as either «Mr Chief Justice», or «Chief Justice». For example, «Mr Chief Justice Roberts» or «Chief Justice Roberts».

Catholic clerics[edit]

Among Catholic clergy, «Mr» is the correct title and form of address for seminarians and other students for the priesthood and was once the proper title for all secular and parish priests, the use of the title «Father» being reserved to religious clergy only.^{[citation needed]} The use of the title «Father» for parish clergy became customary around the 1820s.

A diocesan seminarian is correctly addressed as «Mr», and once ordained a transitional deacon, is addressed in formal correspondence (though rarely in conversation) as the Reverend Mister (or «Rev. Mr»). In clerical religious institutes (those primarily made up of priests), Mr is the title given to scholastics. For instance, in the Jesuits, a man preparing for priesthood who has completed the novitiate but who is not yet ordained is properly, «Mr John Smith, SJ» and is addressed verbally as «Mister Smith»—this is to distinguish him from Jesuit brothers, and priests. (Although, before the 1820s, many Jesuit priests were also called «Mr».) Orders founded before the 16th century do not, as a rule, follow this practice: a Franciscan or Dominican, for instance, becomes a friar after novitiate and so is properly titled «Brother» or, if a priest, «Father».

Permanent deacons in the United States are styled as «Deacon» or «the Reverend Deacon» followed by their first and last names (e.g., «Deacon John Jones», rather than «the Reverend Mr»).^[8] It is also customary in some places, especially in the Eastern Catholic Churches to address deacons while speaking, like presbyters, as «Father» or «Father Deacon».

Other usages[edit]

• «Mister» can also be used in combination with another word to refer to someone who is regarded as the personification of, or master of, a particular field or subject, especially in the fields of popular entertainment and sports.^{[clarification needed]}
• In Italian football, deference to a coach is shown by players, staff and fans referring to him as «Il Mister,» or directly, «Mister». This is traditionally attributed to the conversion of the local game of Calcio to English-rules Association Football by British sailors, who would have been the first coaches.^[9]
• In the old Dutch title system the title «mr.» is used for a Master of Laws (LLM)

See also[edit]

• Slavic honorifics
• Sri

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

О вежливости англичан мы знаем не понаслышке. Такие высокопарные обращения, как sir (сэр), my lord (милорд), lady (леди) и другие, используемые еще со времен средневековья, призваны определить и подчеркнуть статус человека при разговоре.

В современной Англии и сейчас в ходу классические обращения: королеву величают не иначе, как Her Majesty (Ее Величество), согласно титулу обращаются и к другим членам королевской семьи. К тем же, кто не имеет статуса лорда или других аристократических титулов, принято обращаться согласно семейному положению.

Сегодня раз и навсегда разберемся с такими похожими на первый взгляд обращениями в английском языке, как Mr, Mrs, Ms и Miss: что это за сокращения, как они переводится и когда употребляются.

Это знание пригодится вам не только в повседневном общении, но и при составлении деловых писем, а также для заполнения иностранных документов.

Mr & Mrs: кто это?

Для начала разберемся с такими основными понятиями, используемых повсеместно, как мистер и миссис и поговорим о том, как они пишутся и употребляются.

Mr [’mɪstər] — мистер

Это обращение используется в тех случаях, когда мы говорим о мужчине. Причем совсем не важно, женатом или не женатом. Не важен и возраст: к мальчикам так обращаются еще во время учебы. Употребляется вместе с фамилией:

Mr Lewis is a very handsome man — Мистер Льюис очень красивый мужчина

Таким образом, Mr — это сокращение от слова mister, то есть «мистер» по-английски.

Mrs [ˈmɪsɪz] — миссис

Это обращение к замужней женщине на английском языке. Также может использоваться по отношению к девушке, если она замужем. Сокращение образовалось от слова mistress: так называли «хозяек дома» в 18 веке в Великобритании. Аналогично «мистеру», употребляется вместе с фамилией:

Mrs Lane is cooking a Christmas dinner — Миссис Лейн готовит рождественский ужин

Обращение Mrs (миссис) на английском произошло от полного слова misses и используется как при заполнении документов, так и в общении.

Запомнить эти два основных обращения не сложно. Достаточно знать, что Mr — это мужчина, а если добавить к этому сокращению s, то получится обращение к его жене. Также несложно запомнить и то, как пишутся мистер и миссис в английском языке: всегда с большой буквы, как и фамилия того, к кому обращаются. А вот ставить ли точку после сокращения или нет — зависит уже от того, каким вариантом английского вы пользуетесь. В британском английском на письме после Mr и Mrs точка не ставится, а в американском — ставится. Произноситься же слово в обоих случаях должно полностью.

Эти сокращения, пожалуй, самые употребляемые во всем мире. Семейную чету обычно представляют вместе под одной фамилией. Например, как в фильме «Mr. & Mrs. Smith» («Мистер и Миссис Смит»). Также, это самые популярные слова в свадебном декоре, когда стулья молодоженов или торты украшают надписями Mr. и Mrs., кем они и будут называться после бракосочетания.

Miss & Ms: в чем разница?

Немного сложнее, чем с Mr и Mrs, обстоят дела с обращением к девушке, чье семейное положение нам неизвестно.

Miss [mɪs] — мисс

Это обращение употребляется, когда мы говорим о женщине или девушке, которая, как нам известно, точно не замужем. Мисс в английском языке также ставится перед фамилией женщины или девушки, но чаще всего используется в отношении школьниц и студенток.

Обратите внимание, что это слово — единственное из четырех обращений, которое пишется и произносится целиком, а значит, на письме никогда не имеет точки:

Look! This is our new star Miss Lopez! — Посмотрите! Это наша новая звезда мисс Лопез!

Ms [mɪz] — мисс

Такую форму вежливого обращения мы используем в том случае, когда нам неизвестно, замужем женщина или нет. Полная форма этого слова звучит как mizz, отсюда и немного иное произношение, более звонкое, нежели Miss. Как и все другие обращения, употребляется с фамилией женщины или девушки:

Please, give these papers to Ms Strait — Пожалуйста, отдайте эти бумаги мисс Стрейт

Как вы могли заметить, разница между Miss и Ms не такая большая. Особенно, в разговорной речи. Если сомневаетесь в семейном положении женщины перед вами — всегда можно использовать неопределенное Ms.

Кстати, в бизнес-среде более распространено именно обращение Ms, даже если известно, что женщина замужем.

Подведем итоги

Часто те, кто изучает английский язык, путают между собой обращения к женщинам. С мужчинами все понятно: он будет Mr в любом случае, вне зависимости от возраста и семейного положения. Но что насчет дам и разницы между мисс и миссис на английском языке?

Сокращение Mrs переводится как миссис. Это женщина, которая замужем за мистером. Довольно легко запомнить, ведь в самом этом сокращении «спрятался» Mr.

Если же вы видите Ms — то это мисс, что значит незамужняя женщина или девушка. Запомнить тоже просто: если буквы r нет, то эта Ms еще не нашла своего Mr.

Вот в чем основная разница между сокращениями мисс и миссис в английском языке.

Еще раз о точках: они ставятся при письме только в американском английском, когда перед нами — сокращение от полного слова mister, mistress или mizz. Слово Miss (обращение к незамужней девушке) также при письме начинается с заглавной буквы, но точка после него не ставится. После обращения (с точкой или без) идет фамилия мужчины или женщины с большой буквы.

Надеемся, что теперь вы навсегда запомните, в каких случаях правильно употребляются такие обращения в английском языке, как Mr, Mrs, Miss и Ms.

See ya!