Кострома у большинства людей ассоциируется с древнерусской историей и народным фольклором.
Kostroma in most people is associated with the ancient Russian history and folk folklore.
Еще на ум приходят костромской сыр, Иван Сусанин и река Волга, на которой стоит этот древний город.
Still on mind come Kostroma cheese, Ivan Susanin and the Volga River, on which stands this ancient city.
Возраст Костромы действительно почтенный, она всего на 5 лет младше Москвы.
The age of Kostroma is really respectable, it is only 5 years younger than Moscow.
Город был заложен князем Юрием Долгоруким в середине XII века.
The city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in the middle of the 12th century.
Это был город-крепость, расположенный в месте впадения в Волгу реки Костромы, и имеющий важное стратегическое значение в междоусобных войнах русских князей.
It was a fortified city, located at the confluence of the Kostroma River in the Volga, and having an important strategic significance in the internecine wars of the Russian princes.
Поляки, которые хотели уничтожить претендента на престол, оказались в опасной близости от места укрытия
The Poles, who wanted to destroy the applicant for the throne, were in dangerous proximity to the place of shelter
Их проводником к месту нахождения наследника стал местный крестьянин Иван Сусанин, который завел отряд в непроходимое болото, за что был убит поляками.
Their guide to the location of the heir was a local peasant Ivan Susanin, who led the detachment into an impenetrable swamp, for which he was killed by the Poles.
Этот подвиг простого русского крестьянина вошел во все учебники истории, и был официально признан образцом доблести и патриотизма русского народа.
This exploit of a simple Russian peasant entered all history textbooks, and was officially recognized as a model of the valor and patriotism of the Russian people.
Костромские купцы и промышленники создали в городе мощный экономический фундамент, способствуя его дальнейшему развитию и росту благосостояния горожан.
Kostroma merchants and industrialists created a powerful economic foundation in the city, contributing to its further development and the growth of the well-being of the townspeople.
Сегодня, Кострома – областной центр, с колоритом и размеренностью купеческого города.
Today, Kostroma is a regional center, with the color and dimension of the merchant city.
Еще с XV века, она славилась золотых дел мастерами, а сегодня является ювелирной столицей России.
Since the XV century, it was famous for goldsmiths, and today it is the jeweler capital of Russia.
Также в Костроме активно развивается мебельное производство.
Also, in Kostroma, furniture manufacturing is actively developing.
Из крупных предприятий – фабрика с богатой историей «Костромамебель», известная на всю страну.
Of the large enterprises – a factory with a rich history of “Kostromaemebel”, known throughout the country.
Кострома входит в туристический маршрут Золотого кольца России.
Kostroma is included in the tourist route of the Golden Ring of Russia.
Интересные достопримечательности:
Interesting attractions:
– Ипатьевский монастырь
– Ipatievsky Monastery
– Музей деревянного зодчества – музей расположен в живописном месте, обстановкой и пейзажем напоминающем русскую сказку.
– The Museum of Wooden Architecture – the museum is located in a picturesque place, with a setting and a landscape reminiscent of a Russian fairy tale.
– Центральная площадь сковородка с пожарной каланчой – это талисман города, в былые времена не раз спасавший его от полного уничтожения пожарами.
– The central area of a frying pan with a fire tower is a talisman of the city, which in times gone by rescued it from complete destruction by fires.
– Торговые ряды – они сохранили свой вид с момента постройки в XVIII веке. Это целый архитектурный ансамбль, создающий иллюзию купеческой жизни в современном городе.
– Trading rows – they have kept their appearance from the moment of construction in the XVIII century. It is an architectural ensemble creating the illusion of merchant life in a modern city.
– Терем Снегурочки – место, где обитает вечно юная красавица, входит в состав целого комплекса тематических построек, призванных пробудить в детях и взрослых веру в чудеса.
– The Snowmobile Terem – the place where the eternally young beauty dwells, is part of a whole complex of thematic buildings designed to awaken in children and adults faith in miracles.
В окрестностях Костромы полно живописных мест в лесах, на берегах и заливах Волги.
In the vicinity of Kostroma there are many picturesque places in the forests, on the banks and bays of the Volga.
Воды могучей реки, которым нет конца и края, окружены зелеными лесами.
The waters of a mighty river, with no end and no end, are surrounded by green forests.
Это выглядит очень внушительно и живописно.
It looks very impressive and picturesque.
History of Kostroma
Foundation of Kostroma
Kostroma is an old Russian city with a rich, eventful history. The date of foundation of Kostroma is officially considered to be 1152. This date was proposed by the historian Vasily Tatishchev, who associated this event with the activities of Yuri Dolgorukiy (Grand Prince of Kiev) in the north-east of Russia. However, there are no reliable sources proving this date. The hypothesis according to which Kostroma was founded much earlier, in the middle of the 9th century, doesn’t have scientific support as well.
The first written mention of the existence of Kostroma dates back to 1213. This year, Rostov Prince Konstantin burned Kostroma, which supported his brother Yuri (Vladimir Prince). In the 13th-14th centuries, fortified monasteries arose around Kostroma protecting the approaches to the town: the Ipatiev Monastery and the Nikolo-Babaevsky Monastery.
In 1364, Kostroma became part of the Moscow Principality. The location of this fortified town near the confluence of the Kostroma River in the Volga provided control over the Volga route and the route to the north along the Kostroma River, as well as over the local salt springs.
The wooden town was often subjected to attacks by Novgorod pirates. Therefore, in 1419, it was moved to a new elevated place, which became known as the Kostroma Kremlin. The first stone building in Kostroma was built here — the Assumption Cathedral.
More Historical Facts…
Kostroma in the 17th-19th centuries
In 1613, in the Ipatiev Monastery, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was called to reign, which was the end of such a period in the history of Russia as the Time of Troubles (Smuta). Thus, Kostroma became the “cradle” of the imperial Romanov dynasty.
By the middle of the 17th century, Kostroma, in its economic development and number of residents, became the third largest town of the Russian state after Moscow and Yaroslavl with well-developed textile, leather, soap making, silver, and icon painting industries. Blacksmithing, pottery, construction industries were also developed. Kostroma became a large trading center. In the second half of the 17th century, an outstanding school of fresco and icon painting was formed in Kostroma.
In 1708, Kostroma became a provincial town of Moscow Governorate. In 1767, Catherine II approved the coat of arms of Kostroma with the image of the galley “Tver”, on which she arrived in Kostroma. Kostroma became the first town in Russia to receive its own coat of arms.
From the middle of the 18th century, the development of Kostroma as a textile center began. In terms of the volume of linen fabric produced, Kostroma quickly came out on top in Russia. There were also 12 tanneries and 18 brick factories, 6 cloth manufactories, and other factories. Kostroma became a major river port on the Volga transit route. In 1781, the master plan for the development of Kostroma with stone buildings was approved. In 1796, by decree of Emperor Paul I, it became the administrative center of a separate Kostroma Governorate.
In 1811, the population of Kostroma was about 10,000 people. In 1870, the first water supply system was built in Kostroma. In 1891, the Museum of Antiquities was opened. In 1894, there were 36 churches in Kostroma. The population of the city was 33,012 people. In 1895, the first five-story building was constructed in Kostroma (a dormitory for workers and employees of the Novo-Kostroma Linen Manufactory Partnership).
Kostroma in the 20th century and beyond
In 1913, Kostroma became one of the centers of celebrations in honor of the Romanov Tercentenary. For this event, a power station was built in the city, the second stage of the water supply system was opened, the foundation of a grandiose monument to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was laid, a number of civil buildings were built, including the Romanovsky Museum and the Romanovskaya Hospital. The population of the city was about 48,000 people.
On January 14, 1929, Kostroma Governorate was abolished. Kostroma lost the status of a regional center and was included first in Ivanovo and then Yaroslavl oblast. Industrialization in Kostroma was a forced development of textile, light, and wood processing enterprises, as well as textile machinery.
In 1932, the construction of a railway bridge over the Volga River was completed. By the end of the 1930s, the population almost doubled due to the influx of labor from peasants. In 1932, a textile institute was opened, in 1939 — a teacher’s institute.
In the 1930s, a lot of churches were destroyed or rebuilt in Kostroma. The Kostroma Kremlin was completely demolished in 1934. A huge monument was erected on the resulting wasteland to Vladimir Lenin. At the base of the statue was a pedestal, which had been laid in honor of the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov House.
In 1939, the population of Kostroma was 121,325 people. During the Second World War, hospitals, military schools, and the civilian population were evacuated to Kostroma. On August 13, 1944, the city of Kostroma became the administrative center of the newly formed separate Kostroma Oblast.
In the 1950s-1980s, in Kostroma, in addition to the textile and woodworking industries, new industries were intensively developed: power engineering, machine building and metalworking, radio electronics and instrument making. Intensive industrial and housing construction was carried out at this time: new industrial zones and residential micro-districts were formed.
Tourism infrastructure also began to develop. In 1958, a historical and architectural museum-reserve was organized on the basis of the Ipatiev Monastery. In the 1960s, behind the southern wall of the monastery along the left bank of the Igumenka River, a museum complex of wooden architecture was formed.
In 1970, the auto-pedestrian bridge across the Volga was opened. In 1987, the Citi Day of Kostroma was celebrated for the first time, which coincided with its 835th anniversary. In 1989, about 278,000 people lived in Kostroma.
In 2003-2010, a large-scale campaign to improve the city was carried out. Among other things, a pedestrian zone was organized along the Volga embankment; Susaninskaya Square, Mira Square, and the boulevard part of Mira Avenue were reconstructed, a lot of monuments and sculptures were installed.
Architecture of Kostroma
On the street in Kostroma
Kostroma cityscape
Author: Yuriy Chulkov
Picturesque old building in Kostroma
Author: Alena Amplieva
Kostroma — Features
Kostroma is one of the oldest Russian cities with a rich historical and cultural heritage. This city is a unique monument of Russian urban planning of the 16th-19th centuries with a lot of monuments of architecture and history. It is one of the Russian cities that have preserved, in general, its architectural appearance. The Volga River, dividing the city into two parts, gives it special beauty and attractiveness.
This city has an unusual street layout: they fan out from the Volga embankment. There is a legend that Catherine II ordered the court architects to develop a city plan for Kostroma. None of the projects satisfied her. Then one of the architects asked what, in her opinion, this city should look like. Catherine spread her fan, which she held in her hands, and said: “Here is an example”.
The name “Kostroma” is explained by historians in different ways. According to one version, the city was named after the Kostroma River, on the banks of which it stands. According to another version, the name may be associated with one of the characters of peasant beliefs — Kostroma — a straw scarecrow usually burned with the advent of spring. The most popular version refers to the times when on the banks of the Volga River people built large “kostry” (“bonfires”) of tree trunks, which were later rafted down the river.
The climate is temperate continental. The average temperature in January is minus 10.9 degrees Celsius, in July — plus 18.3 degrees Celsius. The City Day in Kostroma is celebrated on the second Saturday of August.
The main rivers of Kostroma are the Volga (Gorky Reservoir) and the Kostroma, its left tributary. The city has a river port, but regular passenger traffic is very limited. In summer, several cruise ships stop at this port daily. Kostroma is connected with Moscow by the daily train “Kostroma”. Urban transport includes buses, minibuses, and trolleybuses.
Tourism is considered as the most important direction of development of the city economy. Kostroma is traditionally included in the Golden Ring of Russia tourist route and cruises along the Volga. The Golden Ring of Russia is a tourist route that passes through the old cities of North-Eastern Russia, where unique historical and cultural monuments have been preserved (Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Pereslavl Zalessky, Rostov the Great, Sergiev Posad, Suzdal, Uglich).
Most tourists visit the city as part of a day trip. Several tourist brands are developing in Kostroma: “Kostroma — the pearl of the Golden Ring”, “Kostroma — the jewelry capital of Russia”, “Kostroma — the birthplace of Snegurochka (the Snow Maiden)”, “Kostroma — the cradle of the Romanov dynasty”. Such traditional products as Kostroma cheese and Kostroma linen are produced in this city.
Since old times, Kostroma was famous for its craftsmen, who made beautiful household utensils and toys. Today, you can buy original home decorations made of wood, clay, and ceramics. Hand painted ceramic dishes are especially popular among visitors.
Main Attractions of Kostroma
Susanin Square — the central square of Kostroma built according to the general plan of the city of 1781-1784. Here you can see a unique preserved architectural ensemble of the late 18th-19th centuries. The main dominant of the square is the Fire Tower (1825), which has become one of the symbols of Kostroma. Today, there is a firefighting museum in this building.
On this square there are also such interesting architectural monuments as the Shopping Arcade, the Borshchov’s House, the Guardhouse, as well as the monument to Ivan Susanin (a Russian national hero of the Time of Troubles).
Ostrovsky Pavilion — one of the main symbols of Kostroma. This elegant snow-white rotunda stylized as a noble building of the 18th-19th centuries is located on the bank of the Volga River, on a high embankment remained from the ramparts of the old Kostroma kremlin. From here you can enjoy magnificent views of the Volga. The pavilion is named after the Russian playwright Alexander Ostrovsky. 1 Maya Street, 2.
Monument to Lenin (1928). The most interesting fact about this monument located in the Central Park of Kostroma is that its pedestal was initially built for the monument to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty celebrated in the city in 1913. It is also one of the largest monuments to Lenin that exists in Russia today. Chaykovskogo Street, 4?.
Snegurochka’s House — the place of residence of the fabulous granddaughter of Father Frost (Russian Santa Claus) and her assistants. The house itself is part of the entertainment complex, which includes souvenir shops, a restaurant of Russian cuisine, a belfry, playgrounds.
Exciting and informative excursions are held for visitors throughout the complex. The play of Alexander Ostrovsky about Snegurochka was written near Kostroma. The movie about her was also created in the vicinity of this city. Lagernaya Ulitsa, 38.
Church of the Resurrection on Debrya (1645-1651) — a beautiful monument of architecture and culture, one of the most visited attractions in the Upper Volga region, one of the first stone buildings of Kostroma. The church was built at the expense of the townspeople, the most significant amount was donated by the merchant Kirill Isakov, who made a fortune by trading with England. Nizhnyaya Debrya Street, 37.
Holy Trinity Ipatiev Monastery — the soul and heart of Kostroma, the cradle of the Romanov dynasty, an object of Russian cultural heritage towering on the bank of the Kostroma River in the western part of the city. On the territory of the Ipatiev Monastery there are more than ten historical buildings. The magnificent Trinity Cathedral (1650-1652) is its main attraction. Prosveshcheniya Street, 1.
Bogoyavlensky Convent (the 16th-19th centuries). The main building of the convent is the Epiphany Cathedral (1559-1565). In addition to the picturesque complex of church buildings, you can also see the Feodorov Icon of the Mother of God — the miraculous icon of the Virgin revered by the Russian Orthodox Church and known as one of the shrines of the Romanov dynasty. Simanovskogo Street, 26.
Museum-Reserve “Kostroma Sloboda” — one of the oldest open-air museums in Russia located near the Ipatiev Monastery. On the territory of the museum you can see wooden architectural monuments of the 18th century moved here from flooded areas. Later, the buildings of the 19th-20th centuries were added. The most famous exhibit is the Church of the Mother of God (1552) from the village of Kholm, the oldest wooden church preserved in the Kostroma region. Prosveshcheniya Street, 1a.
Romanovsky Museum. Opened to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty in 1913, it is one of the most famous museum buildings constructed in the provincial cities of Russia. The architecture of the building is an imitation of an old Russian house. The museum exposition covers the history of the Romanov family. Here you can also see paintings, archaeological finds, and objects of applied art. Mira Avenue, 5.
Museum of Flax and Birch Bark — a private museum where fabrics and clothes created using traditional technologies are presented, as well as the stages of processing flax. The museum also has a souvenir shop with a wide range of linen, birch bark, and ceramics items. Tereshkovoy Street, 38.
Museum of Jewelry Art — a private museum, which exposition has the most beautiful jewelry items made by local masters in the 17th-20th centuries. In total, there are about 500 exhibits. Sovetskaya Street, 7.
Sumarokovo Elk Farm — the only elk farm in Russia located about 20 km southeast of Kostroma. Visitors are allowed to feed and pet elks, during the tour you will learn a lot of interesting features from the life of these animals.
Kostroma also has such cultural institutions as a drama theater, a puppet theater, a philharmonic society, and a circus.
Государственное
автономное профессиональное образовательное учреждение
«Черепановский
педагогический колледж»
Kostroma.
А city in Russia.
Выполнила:
Главатских Елена,
31
группа
2020г.
Kostroma is located on 7 hills at the junction
of two rivers. The Volga River divides the city into almost two halves.
Attractions
In the central part of the city there is a
monument to Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, who was the founder of Kostroma. The
monument is made of bronze, its height is four and a half meters, the weight is
more than four hundred kilograms.
The main square in the city center is a single
complex of architecture that has preserved its appearance for several
centuries. From the square, 7 main city streets go in different directions.
There is a fire tower on the square. This is the most expressive building of
the city’s architecture. It reaches a height of almost thirty-five meters.
Today it houses a museum.
Monasteries
Not far from the central part of the city
there is a building of the Noble Assembly. Arriving in Kostroma, it is worth
visiting the Epiphany-Anastasiinsky Monastery. It houses the miraculous
Feodorovskaya icon of the Mother of God.
The Kostroma Sloboda Museum-Reserve presents
the most beautiful examples of wooden structures that are located on its
territory. In the buildings you can see interesting expositions about the
traditions and life of the peasants of Kostroma.
Only in this city you can walk along the Ivan
Susanin trail in the swamp. For tourists, a path made of planks is made between
the swamp hummocks. In some places it hides under water. The monument to Ivan
Susanin is located in the park, which overlooks the crossing of the Volga. Its
height is twelve meters.
There is a gazebo in the city, which was built
in 1956. It is named after A.N. Ostrovsky. It is located on an embankment above
the river. This embankment remained from the ramparts of the old Kremlin of
Kostroma. A delightful view will appear on the Volga to the one who goes up to
the gazebo.
Theatre
The drama theater, built in 1808, is named
after Ostrovsky. The theater is the most beautiful architectural monument of
the nineteenth century with a beautiful interior of the room.
Kostroma is famous for its artistic
traditions. For many centuries, the formation of jewelry craft took place here.
Currently, the skill of Kostroma jewelers is known all over the world. For
lovers of horseback riding in Kostroma there is a racetrack. Here you can ride
a horse and at the same time breathe the healing pine air.
There are many fascinating places in the city
that are worth seeing. Near the central part of Kostroma there is a large
number of cafes. In them you can relax and taste the most delicious dishes. It
is worth going to a forest farm where you can see big and good-natured moose,
touch them, treat them with something. You can also taste real moose milk and
take photos with moose calves.
Kostroma is really a wonderful city. She
admires her own slowness and cleanliness. A trip to Kostroma will provide a
wonderful vacation and a lot of great impressions. And you can give your own
relatives and friends presents that were brought from Kostroma.
русская версия
Kostroma im Russland 1841г.
Kostroma is one of the most interesting towns of ’’The Golden Ring of Russia”. A trip around the land of Kostroma will produce an unforgettable impression on everyone: picturesque landscapes, monuments of culture and history, wonderful specimens of folk art are waiting for you here. The land of Kostroma is closely connected with many prominent Russian cultural workers such as: Volkov F.- the founder of the Russian national theatre; Pissemsky A.R, Ostrovsky A.N., Nekrassov N.A., Potekhin A.A., Rozanov V.V., Rozov V.S. — classics of the national literature; Kustodiyev B.M. — one of the biggest painters of the Silvery Century; Florensky P.A. — a religious philosopher, who was lost in the Soviet torture-cham-bers; Solzhenitsyn A.I., whose works are known in the whole world now.
Russian artistic and cultural traditions were cultivated in the land of Kostroma for centuries. Original and highly artistic monuments of architecture, specimens of skilful metal forging and wood carving have been preserved here.
In case you may have some time, visit the surroundings of the town and the villages of Krasnoye and Sidorovskoye, the settlement of Sudislavl, the country estate Shelykovo. The history of these places has deep roots: the names of the settlements are mentioned already in the documents of the 16th — 17th centuries.
Wander along the green side-streets and have a look not only at some monuments (the Epiphany church of the 16th cent, in Krasnoye or the Transfiguration cathedral of the 18th cent, in Sudislavl), but also at the buildings, surrounding them: wooden houses with the lacy carving of window casings or stone ones with tracery hammered sheds above the entrance door. And then the world full of exquisite old times will be revealed to you.
Gazebo and Kremlin.
In Shelykovo — the country estate of A.N. Ostrovsky you will be charmed by the nature of Berendey’s kingdom, recreated by the playwright in the play
“Snow maiden”. While getting to know the interior in the museum, you will feel the atmosphere of the country-estate of the 19th century. In the literary museum you will be told about the creative way of the great playwright, about the eternal life of his literary works.
Kostroma is considered to be founded in the middle of the 12th century. At that time an active struggle of Russ against Volga Bulgaria for the river trading road began. It was necessary to make the settlements on the river stronger, and in Kostroma, like in many other places, a fortress was constructed. As the excavations confirmed, it stood on the Volga left bank, on a small hill at the mouth of the Volga and the Sula.
The legend about the foundation of the town was published in the middle of the 19th century. It runs that Prince Yuri Dolgoruky with the army came to these places, surrounded by deep forests, to protect merchants and traders from the robbers and founded the town on the Volga bank.
Resurrection Church.
There are several interpretations of the name of the town. Some investigators consider that it comes from the Finnish word “kostrum” meaning a “fortress”. The others connect it with khorovod “the ancient traditional Slavonic folk round dancing act”, called Kostroma, which was spread in the linen producing areas in the pagan period of Russ. The information about the original settlement is a poor one. Kostroma as a considerable settlement is mentioned for the first time in the Voskresenskaya chronicle in 1213 in connection with the struggle between the sons of Prince Vsevolod Bolshoye Gnezdo. In 1237-1239 Kostroma was won and robbed by hordes of Mongol-Tatars, then reconstructed again. The Kostroma Kremlin was constructed and in 1246 the Kostroma apanage principality was formed.
In the 60-70s of the 13th century big insurrections of Russian people against Tatar yoke started there. The town was completely burnt down more than once during invasions of enemies and intestine wars and has preserved almost no monuments of ancient art. Only some religious paintings of that period, in particular: the miracle working processional icon of the Mother of God Feodorovskaya of the 13th century (the Epiphany cathedral in Kostroma), the hagiographical icon “St. Nicholas” of the 14th century (the Russian Museum in Saint-Petersburg), some pieces of small plastic arts, found during the excavations on the grounds of the town and some articles of family life have survived.
Uspensky and Bogoyavlensky cathedral
Meanwhile these few objects let us state that even in those distant times there used to be talented craftsmen who created the local art traditions, developed later and still alive today.
Thanks to a very advantageous position on the lively trading road Kostroma turned out to be a big centre of handicrafts and trading in the 16th-17th centuries and one of the biggest towns of Russia.
The town was constructed of wood as it was located in the forest part of the country. Frequent fires of the natural calamity size destroyed the constructions. The chronicle runs, that during the fire of 1413 thirty churches were burnt in Kostroma. Such a quantity of churches is a good evidence of a big size of the town.
Photo XIX century
Kostroma kremlin
After the fire the Kremlin was constructed on a new higher place of the Volga bank, from which the river was to be seen in a very good way and then it was lower than the town with the stream. The architectural complex of the Kostroma Kremlin consisted of the Assumption cathedral founded in the first half of the 16th cent, and the Epiphany cathedral with the belfry (1776-1791), two dwelling houses (1795-1796) and the fence with the Holy Gates (1767).The Epiphany cathedral and the belfry were created by Stepan Vorotilov — a skilful craftsman and a talented architect. The Kremlin, seen far away from the side of the Volga River, decorated the town and formed the architectural leitmotiv of its central part, being at the same a peculiar visiting card of Kostroma.
In 1934 the Kremlin of Kostroma (with the exception of the two dwelling houses) was destroyed in a barbaric way by the Soviets. Instead of it now there is a park, “decorated” by the figure of Lenin — the founder of the Soviet state, put on the pedestal, left from the unrealized project of the monument devoted to the 300 years anniversary of Romanovs.
Now it is difficult to judge about the way ancient Kostroma used to look. The documents which have survived and the few drawings let us imagine a queer silhouette of a wooden town with numerous churches among the dense trade buildings with the streets, repeating the pattern of the relief, wooden bridges over ravines and small rivers.
The polish intervention, which started in the first years of the 17th century, influenced the state of the town in the negative. In 1608 the Kostroma irregulars of trades’ people joined the rising against the interventionists, organized by the inhabitants of Galich.
Kostroma people took an active part in the irregular army of Minin and Pozhar-sky. The epic of heroism of Ivan Sus-sanin is also connected with the struggle against the Polish interventionists. The reconstruction of the town started after the exile of the interventionists.
Monument to Ivan Susanin. Susanin square
To the middle of the 17th century Kostroma became a significant economic town, a big cultural centre of the Moscow state. Kostroma builders, icon painters, leather-dressers, smiths, jewelers, canvas makers had especially good reputation then. Leathers from Kostroma were exported. Canvases, scales, locks were well known far away outside the town. Kostroma architects-stonema-
sons were invited to construct palaces and cathedrals in the capital and other cities and towns.
Especially far — famed icon and fresco painters from Kostroma used to be, they painted cathedrals in Moscow,Yaroslavl, Pereslavl-Salessky, Susdal in a wonderful way and gradually even a peculiar Kostroma manner of painting was formed, which was really in blossom in the 17th -18th centuries.
The Trinity cathedral in the Ipatyev monastery, the Resurrection church in the Forest, the church of St. John the Theologian in Bogoslovskaya sloboda, the church of St. Elijah and the church of Our Savior’s Transfiguration, the church of the Ascension of Christ in the Melnichny lane have survived as a part of the inner life in Kostroma of the 17th century.
The Resurrection church in the Forest is a brightest example of a possad type of the cathedral, constructed with the most active participation of the inhabitants of Kostroma. They not only donated the money, but also mostly embodied their steadfast belief in the harmonic mode of life, which is revealed in all its might to a human being only in the church.
No matter how traditional the general composition of the Resurrection church might be, the details and the artistic decorum of the building add peculiarity to it. The church is a bright example of the synthesis of arts, when skillful painters, stone — and wood — carvers, smiths worked side by side with architects-stonemasons. Sincere belief in God, shielding their work, created an unforgettable symphony of forms and colors, full of joy and harmony.
Porches with the hipped roofs lead to the gallery of the church from the north, west and south in the same way the ancient wooden churches of Kostroma used to be constructed. The primary look of the Resurrection church was even closer to the specimens of the wooden architecture. But in 1871-1873 the church was considerably rebuilt. In all probability the many-colored “in blocks”, painting refers to this period as well.
White fretted stone was widely used in the architectural appointments of the fronts and interiors of the Resurrection church. The relieves of the Holy Gates of the church are especially intricate and interesting. The ancient masters embodied their ideas of beauty saturated with the deep religious sense in the skillfully performed lion, unicorn and siren — bird. Special attention should be paid to the relieves, where the birds: the tawny owl (insatiable bird), tearing its breast and the phoenix with the face of a maiden, like symbols of the two possible variations of the human life, are portrayed.
The details carved of white stone on the inner portals of the church are very impressive too.
The ancient fresco paintings of the monument have survived in the chapel of The Three Bishops: Basil the Great, John the Chrysostom, Gregory the Theologian; on the western and southern walls of the gallery; also in the central cylindrical part (the drum). The artists portrayed events from the Bible, in particular — Apocalypses on the walls of the gallery. The fresco paintings in the Chapel of the Three Bishops are devoted to the excruciating torments of the Apostles’ death also to the scenes from “The Life of Basil the Great”.
The other cathedrals of the so-called “possad” type, constructed in Kostroma in the 80s of the 17th century, are much more modest.
In 1778, Kostroma became the centre of a vast province (gubemiya). In connection with it the construction of the new administrative buildings, forming the centre of the town was started. The quantity of stone dwelling buildings increased as well.
The new building was led according to the general plan of the reconstruction of the town approved in 1784. The advantageous new layout of the town and the circumstance that the great fire of 1773 destroyed the central part of the town let the authors of the project embody it almost completely. That is why we may state that the architectural look of the town was formed mostly at the end of the 18th — in the first third of the 19th centuries.
Ipatyev monastery.
The St. Trinity Ipatyev monastery (closed and destroyed by Bolsheviks in 1918) is one of the main monuments of religious and state life not only for Kostroma.
The monastery was founded as a fortress at the confluence of the Volga and the Kostroma (Kostromka) rivers in the 13th century. It represents a compound complex of buildings, the construction of which started at the end of the 16th century and finished at the end of the 19th century .Thanks to rich contributions and donations, mostly of the Godunovs’ family, the Ipatyev monastery was really flourishing and developing. It possessed vast arable lands, thousands of peasants, ferries across the Volga and the Kostroma, numerous shops. However, of course, not the economic, but the spiritual status of the monastery determined its whole life. Besides, this monastery was a living evidence (almost a legend) of the Godunovs’ rights for the throne, confirming the fact that they really were an old noble family, true Christians.
Not by chance after the fall of Godunovs at the start of the 17th century, the new dynasty of Romanovs started to patronize it. The mother of the first tsar from Romanovs — Marpha owned a lot of lands in the area of Kostroma. At the start of the 16th century she lived with the son in the Ipatyev monastery. In March 1613, the delegation of Assembly of the Land came there to ask Michael Romanov to be the tsar of Russia.
Many precious things were kept in the sacristy of the monastery, unique manuscripts and the first printed books, including the famous Ipatyev chronicle — a copy of one of the ancient collection of texts of Kievan Russ of the 9th-12th centuries — “The Tale of the Temporal Years” were stored in the library. N. Karamzin — a famous Russian historian, found the manuscript in 1814 there.
The oldest part of the monastery -the Old Town- exists since the date of its foundation. The stone walls with the towers were constructed instead of wooden ones at the end of the 16th century and then they were made a little bit
higher in the 17th century. In the 40s of the 16th century to the western wall of the old Town the so called New Town was joined.
There were moats around the monastery, filled up in the 18th century, when the monastery lost its destination of a fortress. The construction of the walls and towers corresponds to the fortification rules of the 16th-17th centuries.
The Trinity cathedral has the central position on the grounds of the Old Town. The primary stone building of the cathedral was constructed in 1558. At the start of 1649 it was destroyed by the gunpowder explosion and reconstructed in 1652. Nikon’s reforms influenced the construction of the new cathedral.
Kostroma painters under the guidance of Gury Nikitin and Sila Savin, who were notorious masters of monumental frescoes, performed the fresco painting on the walls of the cathedral in 1685. No doubt, frescoes of the Trinity cathedral are one of the best creations of these big painters. The painting on the walls is sated with the color, the drawing strikes you by the grace and certainty of lines and compositions are full of genre details and real portrait characteristics. The architectural elements of towers and chambers are very interesting. On completing the frescoes the artists wrote, as if addressing the future generations:” Artistic imagination and spiritual enjoyment to everyone forever. Amen.”
The gilded iconostasis in five tiers -a typical specimen of the art of the 18th century was done by the group of carvers under the guidance of Pyetr Zolotarev and Makar Bykov. The icons of the three upper tiers are of a stated value.
The belfry stands to the west of the cathedral on the main square.
Near the western wall of the Old Town to the north from the gates into the New Town, there are the Chambers of Romanovs. Originally, monks’ cells used to be here.
While visiting the monastery in 1858 Alexander II ordered to reconstruct the building with the idea to make it suitable for the tsar’s mansions. The reconstruction in the traditions of the 17th century was entrusted to architect F. Richter and since 1863 the Chambers have their modem look.
There are many administrative structures and dwelling houses- from the modest monks’ cells to the splendid Bishop’s Palace. The Palace was more than once reconstructed in accordance with the tastes of a bishop and new tendencies in the architecture.
Near the walls of the monastery the museum of wooden architecture was set up. The main idea was to preserve and to show some unique civil and secular monuments of folk architecture, also social and household constructions, displaying the way of life of a Kostroma village. Our Lady’s cathedral (1552) brought to the museum from the village Kholm is of a special interest as it is the oldest wooden structure in the whole Kostroma region. The carpenters who built it were very talented craftsmen.
The church from Fominskoye will also draw your attention by the belfry built into it. In addition, a very simple in the outlook small chapel is very close to the ancient constructions and reminds of a fairy-tale house.
After visiting the monastery and the wooden architecture museum, you may wander along old streets of Bogoslovskaya and Andreyevskaya slobo-das. The church of St. John the Theologian stands in the central part in the Bogoslovskaya sloboda. You will see houses with amusing balconies, window casings and shutters, gates with interesting figures looking like dragons and plants from the fairy tale.
While staying here it is difficult to imagine that there are industrial headquarters of a big town with the modem life tempo on the opposite bank.
K. Torop
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Kostroma Кострома |
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City[1] |
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Fire-observation watchtower in Kostroma (1825-1828) |
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Flag
Coat of arms |
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Location of Kostroma
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Kostroma Location of Kostroma
Kostroma Kostroma (Kostroma Oblast) |
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| Coordinates: 57°46′05″N 40°55′37″E / 57.76806°N 40.92694°ECoordinates: 57°46′05″N 40°55′37″E / 57.76806°N 40.92694°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Kostroma Oblast[1] |
| Founded | 1152[2] |
| Government | |
| • Head | Yuri Zhurin[3] |
| Elevation | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Population
(2010 Census)[4] |
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| • Total | 268,742 |
| • Estimate
(2018)[5] |
277,280 (+3.2%) |
| • Rank | 69th in 2010 |
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Administrative status |
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| • Subordinated to | city of oblast significance of Kostroma[1] |
| • Capital of | Kostroma Oblast[1], Kostromskoy District[1] |
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Municipal status |
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| • Urban okrug | Kostroma Urban Okrug[6] |
| • Capital of | Kostroma Urban Okrug[6], Kostromskoy Municipal District[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK  [7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] |
156XXX |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 4942 |
| OKTMO ID | 34701000001 |
| Website | www.gradkostroma.ru |
Kostroma (Russian: Кострома́, IPA: [kəstrɐˈma]) is a historic city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast, Russia. A part of the Golden Ring of Russian cities, it is located at the confluence of the rivers Volga and Kostroma. Population: 267,481 (2021 Census);[9] 268,742 (2010 Census);[4] 278,750 (2002 Census);[10] 278,414 (1989 Census).[11]
History[edit]
Under the Rurikids[edit]
The official founding year of the city is 1152 by Yury Dolgoruky.[2] Since many scholars believe that early Eastern Slavs tribes arrived in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia AD 400 to 600, Kostroma could be much older than previously thought.[12]
The city has the same name as the East Slavic goddess Kostroma.
Like other towns of the Eastern Rus, Kostroma was sacked by the Mongols in 1238. It then constituted a small principality, under leadership of Prince Vasily of Kostroma, a younger brother of the famous Alexander Nevsky. Upon inheriting the grand ducal title in 1271, Vasily didn’t leave the town for Vladimir, and his descendants ruled Kostroma for another half a century, until the town was bought by Ivan I of Moscow.[citation needed]
As one of the northernmost towns of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Kostroma served for grand dukes as a place of retreat when enemies besieged Moscow in 1382, 1408, and 1433. In 1375, the town was looted by Novgorod pirates (ushkuiniks). The spectacular growth[quantify] of the city in the 16th century may be attributed to the establishment of trade connections with English and Dutch merchants (Muscovy Company) through the northern port of Archangel. Boris Godunov had the Ipatiev[13] and Epiphany monasteries rebuilt in stone. The construction works were finished just in time for the city to witness some of the most dramatic events of the Time of Troubles.[citation needed]
The heroic peasant Ivan Susanin became a symbol of the city’s resistance to foreign invaders;[dubious – discuss] several monuments to him may be seen in Kostroma. The future Tsar, Mikhail Romanov, also lived at the monastery. It was here that an embassy from Moscow offered him the Russian crown in 1612.[citation needed]
Under the Romanovs[edit]
A wooden house of Mikhail Romanov is still preserved in the monastery. There are also several old wooden structures transported to the monastery walls from distant districts of the Kostroma Oblast.[citation needed]
In 1773, Kostroma was devastated by a great fire. Afterwards the city was rebuilt with streets radiating from a single focal point near the river. They[who?] say that Catherine the Great dropped her fan on the city map, and told the architects to follow her design. One of the best preserved examples of the 18th century town planning, Kostroma retains some elegant structures in a «provincial neoclassical» style. These include a governor’s palace, a fire tower, a rotunda on the Volga embankment, and an arcaded central market with a merchant church in the center.[citation needed]
During and after the Russian Revolution[edit]
The First Workers’ Socialist Club based in Kostroma was one of the best documented workers’ clubs run by Proletkult. Organised around the principle of a «public hearth» (obshchestvennyi ochag) this club combined both practical support for workers in need of accommodation, food or furniture, as well as providing a focus for popular education.
Recent history[edit]
The Nuclear Power Referendum was arranged in 1990 in the Kostroma area. 90% of the voting population were against nuclear power in the area.[14]
Administrative and municipal status[edit]
Kostroma is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Kostromskoy District,[1] even though it is not a part of it.[15] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Kostroma—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Kostroma is incorporated as Kostroma Urban Okrug.[6]
Transportation[edit]
The city is served by the Kostroma Airport. Since 1887 there has been a railway connection between Kostroma and Moscow.[16]
Sights and landmarks[edit]
Built in 1559-1565, the five-domed Epiphany Cathedral was the first stone edifice in the city; its medieval frescoes perished during a fire several years ago. The minster houses the city’s most precious relic, a 10th-century Byzantine icon called Our Lady of St. Theodore. It was with this icon that Mikhail Romanov was blessed by his mother when he left for Moscow to claim the Russian throne. They[who?] say that just before the Revolution of 1917, the icon blackened so badly that the image was hardly visible; it was interpreted as a bad sign for the Romanov dynasty.
The Ipatyevsky monastery survives mostly intact, with its 16th-century walls, towers, belfry, and the 17th-century cathedral.
Apart from the monasteries, most of the city churches were either rebuilt or demolished during the Soviet years. The only city church that survives from the 17th-century «golden age» is the Resurrection church on the Lowlands (Russian: церковь Воскресения на Дебре). As the story goes, the church was commissioned by one merchant who ordered in England ten barrels of dye but received ten barrels of gold instead. He resolved that the unearned gold was the devil’s gift and decided to spend it on building a church. Two other 17th-century temples, of rather conventional architecture, may be seen on the opposite side of the Volga.
Among the vestiges of the Godunov rule, a fine tent-like church in the urban-type settlement of Krasnoye-na-Volge (formerly an estate of Boris Godunov’s brother) may be recommended.
Climate[edit]
Kostroma has a continental climate (Köppen Dfb). It has long, very cold winters and short warm summers.
| Climate data for Kostroma (1991–2020, extremes 1842–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
37.1 (98.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
37.3 (99.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
8.8 (47.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.8 (16.2) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
4.6 (40.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
0.9 (33.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −46.4 (−51.5) |
−39.3 (−38.7) |
−31.1 (−24.0) |
−19.0 (−2.2) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−28.8 (−19.8) |
−44.4 (−47.9) |
−46.4 (−51.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 41 (1.6) |
29 (1.1) |
31 (1.2) |
35 (1.4) |
53 (2.1) |
74 (2.9) |
73 (2.9) |
73 (2.9) |
56 (2.2) |
64 (2.5) |
49 (1.9) |
40 (1.6) |
618 (24.3) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 35 (14) |
44 (17) |
43 (17) |
10 (3.9) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
5 (2.0) |
18 (7.1) |
44 (17) |
| Average rainy days | 6 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 11 | 8 | 154 |
| Average snowy days | 28 | 24 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 20 | 27 | 134 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 83 | 77 | 68 | 64 | 72 | 74 | 78 | 82 | 86 | 88 | 88 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 33 | 70 | 132 | 184 | 266 | 291 | 282 | 227 | 136 | 65 | 32 | 17 | 1,735 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[18] |
Notable people[edit]
- Olesya Barel (born 1960), basketball player
- Nina Demme (1902-1977), polar explorer and biologist
- Aleksandra Ishimova (1805–1881), translator and author of children’s books
- Roman Kopin (born 1974), Governor of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
- Aleksey Pisemsky (1821–1881), novelist and dramatist
- The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Shneersohn was exiled to Kostroma by the USSR in 1927 for 3 years, and was released after 9 days
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
Kostroma is twinned with:[19]
Aachen, Germany
Babruysk, Belarus
Bari, Italy
Bat Yam, Israel- Cetinje, Montenegro
- Ceadîr-Lunga, Moldavia
- Danilov, Russia
- Dole, France
- Hyvinkää, Finland
- Ijevan, Armenia
- Ochamchira, Georgia
- Oral, Kazakhstan
- Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland
- Samokov, Bulgaria
- Sanmenxia, China
- Soroca, Moldavia
- Vrbas, Serbia
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Durham County council revoked the twinning arrangements with Kostroma, which had been in place since 1968.[20][21]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g Law #112-4-ZKO
- ^ a b Official website of Kostroma. Kostroma Today
- ^ Official website of Kostroma. Viktor Valentinovich Yemets, Head of the Kostroma City Administration
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ «26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года». Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Law #237-ZKO
- ^ «Об исчислении времени». Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ «Early East Slavic Tribes in Russia | Study.com». Study.com. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
- ^ Local History website. K. Torop. Kostroma
- ^ Teoksessa Venäjän ihmisoikeusliike Gaudeamus Helsinki 2007
- ^ Resolution #133-a
- ^ «Train Station in Kostroma» (in Russian). Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
- ^ «Погода и Климат – Климат Кострома» (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^
«Kostroma Climate Normals 1961–1990». National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 13, 2021. - ^ «Международное и межмуниципальное сотрудничество». duma-kostroma.ru (in Russian). Duma Kostroma. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
- ^ «Ukraine: County Durham ends twinning links with Russian city Kostroma». BBC News. September 6, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ^ «Durham City Council votes to suspend ties with Russian sister city». The Chronicle. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
Sources[edit]
- Костромская областная Дума. Закон №112-4-ЗКО от 9 февраля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Костромской области», в ред. Закона №567-5-ЗКО от 24 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Костромской области «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Костромской области»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «СП — нормативные документы», №10(70), 28 февраля 2007 г. (Kostroma Oblast Duma. Law #112-4-ZKO of February 9, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kostroma Oblast, as amended by the Law #567-5-ZKO of September 24, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kostroma Oblast «On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kostroma Oblast». Effective as of the official publication date.).
- Администрация Костромской области. Постановление №133-а от 8 апреля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра населённых пунктов Костромской области». Вступил в силу 11 апреля 2014 г. Опубликован: «СП — нормативные документы», №15, 11 апреля 2014 г. (Administration of Kostroma Oblast. Resolution #133-a of April 8, 2014 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Inhabited Localities of Kostroma Oblast. Effective as of April 11, 2014.).
- Костромская областная Дума. Закон №237-ЗКО от 30 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований в Костромской области и наделении их статусом», в ред. Закона №496-5-ЗКО от 28 февраля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Костромской области «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований в Костромской области и наделении их статусом»». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Северная Правда» («Документы: СпецВыпуск»), №8, 26 января 2005 г. (Kostroma Oblast Duma. Law #237-ZKO of December 30, 2004 On the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them Statuses, as amended by the Law #496-5-ZKO of February 28, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kostroma Oblast «On the Establishment of the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them Statuses». Effective as of after 10 days following the official publication date.).
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kostroma.
- Official website of Kostroma (in Russian)
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- Tourist attractions in Russia – Достопримечательности России
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Tourist attractions in Russia – Достопримечательности России
10 most Russia’s famous places of interest
Red Square
| Red Square is one of the most famous Russia’s places of interest. It is located right in the heart of Moscow.
Many significant buildings surround Red Square. There is the Kremlin, Lenin’s Mausoleum, Saint Basil’s Cathedral, GUM trading house and Kazan Cathedral there. The State Historical Museum is also located in the square. Red Square is the place where a lot of festivals are celebrated. |
Красная площадь – одна из самых известных достопримечательностей России. Она находится в самом центре Москвы.
Многочисленные значимые здания окружают Красную площадь. На ней расположен Кремль, мавзолей Ленина, храм Василия Блаженного, ГУМ и Казанский собор. Государственный исторический музей также находится на площади. На Красной площади проводятся многочисленные празднования. |
The Kremlin
| The Kremlin is a fortified complex in the centre of Moscow. It is the main political and historical place of the city.
The walls of the Kremlin are made in the form of an irregular triangle. The Troitskaya Tower is the tallest tower of the Kremlin. Its height is 80 metres. The Spasskaya Tower features the clock which is known as the Kremlin chimes. The Kremlin has 20 towers in total. Today the Kremlin is the official residence of the President of Russia. |
Кремль – это крепость в центре Москвы. Это главное политическое и историческое место города.
Стены Кремля образуют неправильный треугольник. Троицкая башня – самая высокая башня Кремля. Ее высота – 80 метров. На Спасской башне установлены часы, известные как Кремлевские куранты. В общей сложности в Кремле 20 башен. Сегодня Кремль является официальной резиденцией президента России. |
The Hermitage
| The Hermitage is one of the world’s largest museums. It is located in Saint Petersburg. It consists of 5 buildings. The museum’s collection houses about 3 million different works of art.
From the very beginning the Hermitage was Catherine’s II private collection of paintings, but in the time of Nicholas I the Hermitage opened for general public. This happened in 1852. |
Эрмитаж – один из крупнейших музеев мира. Он находится в Санкт-Петербурге. Он состоит из 5 зданий. Коллекция музея насчитывает около 3 миллионов различных произведений искусства.
Изначально Эрмитаж был частной коллекцией картин Екатерины II, но во времена Николая I Эрмитаж был открыт для широкой публики. Это случилось в 1852 году. |
Saint Basil’s Cathedral
| Saint Basil’s Cathedral is located in Red Square. This Orthodox church is a world-famous landmark. The church was built in the XVI century by order of Ivan the Terrible. There are 11 domes in Saint Basil’s Cathedral. Its height is 65 metres.
In the XX century the church was open for public as a museum. It is one of the most recognizable tourist attractions. Saint Basil’s Cathedral is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. |
Собор Василия Блаженного расположен на Красной площади. Эта православная церковь является всемирно известной достопримечательностью. Собор был построен в XVI веке по приказу Ивана Грозного. В соборе Василия Блаженного 11 колоколов. Его высота составляет 65 метров.
В XX веке собор был открыт в качестве музея. Это одна из самых узнаваемых достопримечательностей. Храм Василия Блаженного включен в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. |
Lake Baikal
| Lake Baikal is a lake located in eastern Siberia. This is the deepest lake on our planet and the largest natural reservoir of fresh water.
Lake Baikal is also widely known for its endemic fauna. Water in the lake is very clean and clear. There are 27 islands and the biggest one is called Olkhon. Numerous rivers and streams flow into Lake Baikal. The Angara is the only river that flows out from the lake. |
Озеро Байкал – это озеро в восточной Сибири. Это самое глубокое озеро на планете и крупнейший природный резервуар пресной воды.
Байкал хорошо известен своей эндемичной фауной. Вода в озере очень чистая и прозрачная. На нем есть 27 островов, крупнейший из которых называется Ольхон. Многочисленные реки и ручьи впадают в Байкал. Ангара – единственная река, которая вытекает из озера. |
Petergof
| Petergof is a small town which has great tourist and scientific significance. In the XVIII century the emperor’s country residence was located there.
The town is located not far from Saint Petersburg and is well-known for its landmarks. These places of interest include the palace ensemble called Petergof with its numerous fountains, alleys and the Peterhof Grand Palace. |
Петергоф – небольшой городок, имеющий огромное туристическое и научное значение. В XVIII веке здесь находилась загородная резиденция императора.
Город расположен неподалеку от Санкт-Петербурга и знаменит своими достопримечательностями. В их число входит дворцовый ансамбль Петергоф с многочисленными фонтанами, аллеями и Большим Петергофским дворцом. |
The Golden Ring
| The Golden Ring is a ring of cities located not far from Moscow. This popular tourist route runs through ancient cities of Russia which played a significant role in the formation of the Russian Orthodox Church.
There are many unique monuments in these cities which attract a lot of tourists. The cities included in the Golden Ring are Sergiyev Posad, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Suzdal and Vladimir. |
Золотое кольцо – это кольцо городов, расположенных неподалеку от Москвы. Этот популярный туристический маршрут пролегает через древние города России, сыгравшие значительную роль в формировании Российской Православной церкви.
Здесь находятся многочисленные уникальные памятники, привлекающие много туристов. В Золотое кольцо включены такие города, как Сергиев Посад, Переславль-Залесский, Ростов Великий, Ярославль, Кострома, Иваново, Суздаль и Владимир. |
The Kizhi Pogost
| Kizhi island is famous for its architectural complex which consists of two wooden churches and a bell-tower. It was built in the XVIII-XIX centuries.
According to the Russian carpentry traditions of that time, the Church of the Transfiguration was built of wood only with no nails. The second church, the Church of the Intercession, is an architectural echo of the main church. The bell-tower is located right beside them. |
Остров Кижи знаменит своим архитектурным комплексом, состоящим из двух деревянных церквей и колокольни. Он был построен в XVIII-XIX веках.
По традициям плотницкого дела того времени церковь Преображения Господня была построена из дерева, без гвоздей. Вторая церковь, церковь Покрова Богородицы, является архитектурным отголоском главной церкви. Колокольня расположена рядом с ними. |
Mamayev Kurgan
| Mamayev Kurgan is famous for its memorial complex «The Motherland Calls».
The central figure of the complex is a statue of a woman holding a sword. The height of the sculpture is 85 metres from the feet to the tip of the sword. This complex commemorates the Battle of Stalingrad. Mamayev Kurgan was the place where fierce fighting occured. |
Мамаев курган знаменит своим мемориальным комплексом «Родина-мать зовет!».
Центральной фигурой комплекса является статуя женщины, держащей меч. Высота скульптуры составляет 85 метров от низа до кончика меча. Комплекс возведен в память о Сталинградской битве. Мамаев курган был местом, где проходили ожесточенные бои. |
Saint Isaac’s Cathedral
| Saint Isaac’s Cathedral is located in Saint Petersburg. It is one of the largest cathedrals in the world. The construction of the cathedral took 40 years.
The height of the cathedral is 101,5 metres. The exterior of the cathedral features a lot of columns and statues. Nowadays, Saint Isaac’s Cathedral is a museum. However, services are conducted there on feast days. |
Исаакиевский собор находится в Санкт-Петербурге. Он является одним из крупнейших соборов мира. Строительство собора заняло 40 лет.
Высота собора составляет 101,5 метра. Во внешней отделке собора присутствуют многочисленные колонны и статуи. Сегодня Исаакиевский собор – это музей. Однако, по праздникам здесь проходят службы. |
Источник: http://www.interactive-english.ru/topiki/592-places-of-interest-russia/
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Расскажем об истории славного русск
Расскажем об истории славного русского города Костромы. Кострома расположена в 370-ти километрах от столицы современной России, северо-восточней. Население Костромы – 300.000 человек. Стоит город на двух реках – Волге и Костроме.
Город Кострома основан, примерно, в 1152 году. Основателем Костромы является князь Юрий Долгорукий. В русских летописях, город упоминается лишь в 1213 году, когда во время усобиц, Кострома была разорена и сожжена. В 1238 году Кострома подверглась набегу татаро-монголов. Период с 1272 по 1276 обусловлен подъемом княжества. Так вышло, что костромской князь Василий Ярославич получил владимирский престол, но от костромских владений не отказался, и делала все на благо своей родной земли.
Стоит сказать несколько слов об истории происхождения названия города. Есть две версии, происхождения слова – Кострома. Первая: слово Кострома происходит от финно-угорского слова «кострум» — крепость; Вторая связанна с язычеством. Кострома – имя языческого божества. На языческих праздниках Кострома представляла из себя соломенную куклу, возле нее водили хороводу и плясали, а потом куклу сжигали или сбрасывали в реку. Язычество было сильно в деревнях вокруг Костромы. Обряды с куклой, говорят проводились аж до 19 века.
Однажды, костромской князь Василий Квашня охотился в лесу. Во время охоты, князь увидел на сосне икону. На иконе была изображена Богоматерь. Князь позвал из Костромы священников, и они отслужили возле иконы молебен. Икона была поставлена в церкви великомученика Феодора Стратилата. Священники обнаружили на другой стороне иконы еще один образ — мученицы Параскевы Пятницы. Однажды, в церковь, где хранилась икона, зашли купцы, приехавшие в Кострому из города Волжского.
Купцы увидели икону, и рассказали, что до нашествия татаро-монголов, этот образ находился у них в городе. Эта икона стала настоящей костромской святыней. Когда в русских городах, одни за одним стали вспыхивать восстания против татарских сборщиков дани, ордынцы стали посылать карательные отряды. Костромское войско пошло в бой с иконой, и одержало победу. Легенда гласит, что неприятель был ослеплен ярким светом, шедшим от образа.
В середине 14 века, Кострома вошла в состав Московского княжества. Во время набега на Москву Тохтамыша, в Костроме прятался Дмитрий Донскойвместе со своей семьей. Кострома была важной торговой базой. Город на Волге не обделяли вниманием ни восточные, ни русские купцы.
Речные разбойники не раз грабили Костромских купцов. Однажды, разбойники, пришедшие изНовгорода, явно перегнули палку, и Дмитрию Донскому пришлось идти на Новгород с походом. Во время пожара в 1413 году, в Костроме сгорело 30 храмов. Благодаря этому историческому факту, можно смело утверждать, что Кострома была большим экономически развитым русским городом.
Непростой период в истории Костромы был с 1425 по 1450 годы. На Руси шло соперничество за главенство над русскими землями. А Кострома находилась между Московским и Галицким княжеством, соперничавшими между собой. Поэтому Кострому часто грабили как Московский, так и Галицкие князья. Не обходили стороной Кострому и казанские татары.
В годы Смутного времени, Костроме пришлось нелегко. В 1608 году польский отряд захватил город. В соседнем Галиче поднялось народное восстание. Ополченцы освободили Галич, а потом и Кострому. Вскоре народное движение в Костроме было подавленно. Поляки во главе с Лисовсим двинулись на Галич.
Спустя год, новое ополчение выбило поляков из Костромы. Оставшихся в живых, засели в Ипатьевском монастыре, осада которого длилась более полугода. В итоге стена монастыря была взорвана, русские одержали победу. В 1612 году польские интервенты были изгнаны с русских земель.
Кострома была родовой волостью нового русского царя Михаила Федоровича Романова. Костромская земля не раз дарила России героев. Так, город Кострома – малая Родина Ивана Сусанина, о подвиге которого ходят легенды. Иван Сусанин, замечательный русский человек, положившись свою жизнь за царя, веру православную и русскую землю
Среди достопримечательностей Костромы, есть музей, посвященный подвигу Ивана Сусанина, который находится в поселке Сусанино, на Советской улице. Среди других достопримечательностей особого внимания заслуживают композиции Историко-Архитектурного и Художественного музея заповедника. Что же тут интересного? – здание Пожарной каланчи, Дворянское собрание в котором представлены экспонаты, рассказывающие о жизни и обычаях местного дворянства, Романовский музей с иконами и картинами. Этот замечательный комплекс находится на проспекте Мира.
Будучи в городе, обязательно зайдите в: «Костромскую слободу», которая представляет собой музей деревянного зодчества. Не обойдите вниманием Музей Природы, тут представлены чучела животных обитающих в костромской губернии. Большой интерес для туриста будет представлять Музей-Усадьба Льна и Бересты.
Достопримечательностью современной Костромы являются и дореволюционные постройки, деревянные дома, коих в городе достаточно. Много старинны
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Erzählen Sie die Geschichte von der ruhmreichen russischen Stadt Kostroma. Kostroma liegt 370 Kilometer von der Hauptstadt des modernen Russland im Nordosten. Die Bevölkerung von Kostroma-300.000 Menschen. Stadt an zwei Flüssen-die Wolga und der Kostroma.Der Stadt Kostroma wurde ungefähr im Jahr 1152 gegründet. Der Gründer von Kostroma ist Prinz Yuri Dolgoruky. Die Stadt wurde in russischen Chroniken erwähnt nur im Jahre 1213, während der Streit, war Kostroma verwüstet und verbrannt. Im Jahr erlitt 1238 Kostroma Eisschrank-Tatar-Mongolen. Zeitraum von 1272 bis 1276 zugeschrieben, den Aufstieg des Fürstentums. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der Kostroma Fürst Wassili Jaroslawitsch Vladimir Thron, aber aus Kostroma Besitzungen nicht abgelehnt, und Tat alles zum Wohle ihrer Heimat.Es lohnt sich, ein paar Worte über die Geschichte der Herkunft des Namens der Stadt. Es gibt zwei Versionen, die Herkunft des Wortes-Kostroma. Das erste Wort von Kostroma stammt von finno-ugrischen Wort «Kostrum»-Festung; Die zweite ist verbunden mit dem Heidentum. Kostroma ist der Name einer heidnischen Gottheit. Die heidnischen Feste von Kostroma setzte sich aus eine Strohpuppe, daneben führte zu umarmen unsere Schmelztiegel und getanzt, und dann die Puppe verbrannt oder in die Reuss geschüttet. Heidentum war stark in den Dörfern um Kostroma. Zeremonien mit einer Puppe, sagen, bis zum 19. Jahrhundert durchgeführt wurden. Einmal gejagt Fürst Wassili Kostroma kneten Trog im Wald. Während der Jagd sah der Prinz die Kiefer-Symbol. Wurde auf das Symbol die Jungfrau Maria dargestellt. Prinz von Kostroma Priester genannt, und sie feierten ein Gebetsgottesdienst in der Nähe ein Symbol. Das Symbol wurde in der Kirche der große Märtyrer Theodore Stratilata platziert. Die Priester auf der anderen Seite der Symbole von einem anderen Bild-Märtyrer Paraskeva Freitag gefunden. Einmal, in einer Kirche, wo das Symbol lagerte, haben Sie Kaufleute, die in Kostroma Stadt der Wolga angekommen.Händler sah das Symbol, und gesagt, dass vor der Invasion der Mongolen, dieses Bild in ihrer Stadt. Dieses Symbol ist Kostroma Schrein. Wenn in russischen Städten begann eins nach dem anderen Aufstand gegen tatarischen Horde Aufflammen Tribut Sammler begann Todesschwadronen senden. Kostroma Armee ging in den Kampf mit dem Symbol und errang einen Sieg. Die Legende besagt, dass der Feind durch ein helles Licht, beide aus dem Bild geblendet wurde. In der Mitte des 14 Jahrhunderts gehörte Kostroma das Großfürstentum Moskau. Während des ÜBERFALLS auf Moskau mit Tochtamisch, Kostroma, war Dmitry Donskojvmeste mit seiner Familie versteckt. Kostroma war ein wichtiger Handelsstützpunkt. Eine Stadt an der Wolga nicht Obdeljali Aufmerksamkeit weder die orientalische als auch die russischen Kaufleute. Fluss-Banditen ausgeraubt mehr als einmal lokalen Händlern. Sobald die Räuber, die iznovgoroda, kam, deutlich zu spüren war es ein Stock und Dmitry Donskoy nach Nowgorod mit der Kampagne gehen musste. Während des Brandes im Jahr 1413 brannten in Kostroma 30 Tempel. Aufgrund dieser historischen Tatsache können wir sicher sagen, dass der Kostroma wirtschaftlich entwickelten russischen Großstadt wurde.Eine schwierige Zeit in der Geschichte der Kostroma wurde 1425 bis 1450 Jahre. Russland ging Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen um die Vorherrschaft über die russischen Länder. Und Kostroma wurde zwischen Moskau und galizische Fürstentum im Wettbewerb untereinander. Kostroma geplündert daher oft als Moskau und galizischen Fürsten. Umgehen Sie die Seite der Kostroma und Wolga-Tataren nicht. В годы Смутного времени, Костроме пришлось нелегко. В 1608 году польский отряд захватил город. В соседнем Галиче поднялось народное восстание. Ополченцы освободили Галич, а потом и Кострому. Вскоре народное движение в Костроме было подавленно. Поляки во главе с Лисовсим двинулись на Галич.Спустя год, новое ополчение выбило поляков из Костромы. Оставшихся в живых, засели в Ипатьевском монастыре, осада которого длилась более полугода. В итоге стена монастыря была взорвана, русские одержали победу. В 1612 году польские интервенты были изгнаны с русских земель.Кострома была родовой волостью нового русского царя Михаила Федоровича Романова. Костромская земля не раз дарила России героев. Так, город Кострома – малая Родина Ивана Сусанина, о подвиге которого ходят легенды. Иван Сусанин, замечательный русский человек, положившись свою жизнь за царя, веру православную и русскую землюСреди достопримечательностей Костромы, есть музей, посвященный подвигу Ивана Сусанина, который находится в поселке Сусанино, на Советской улице. Среди других достопримечательностей особого внимания заслуживают композиции Историко-Архитектурного и Художественного музея заповедника. Что же тут интересного? – здание Пожарной каланчи, Дворянское собрание в котором представлены экспонаты, рассказывающие о жизни и обычаях местного дворянства, Романовский музей с иконами и картинами. Этот замечательный комплекс находится на проспекте Мира. Будучи в городе, обязательно зайдите в: «Костромскую слободу», которая представляет собой музей деревянного зодчества. Не обойдите вниманием Музей Природы, тут представлены чучела животных обитающих в костромской губернии. Большой интерес для туриста будет представлять Музей-Усадьба Льна и Бересты. Достопримечательностью современной Костромы являются и дореволюционные постройки, деревянные дома, коих в городе достаточно. Много старинны
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Результаты (немецкий) 3:[копия]
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über die Geschichte der brillant к in Einem sagen, IST mit der russischen Stadt.In Einem как на befindet Sich in 370 kilometer von der hauptstadt маргоша в Немецкий и auf, um modernen russland, im nordosten.к in Einem: bevölkerung, на MIT 30 Millionen Menschen.Zwei zu Stadt und к in neon Oder — на Einem wolga — Fluss.Stadt к in Einem маргоша на etwa von 1152 gegründet, der,.к in Einem dolgoruky на, Gründer der Erste Yuri Herzog IST.In der russischen Geschichte, Stadt in 1213 erwähnt Nur, wenn – Er ist eine и и и nichts, к in Einem маргоша на und verbrannt.Im Jahr 1238 mongolischen к in Einem маргоша на durchsucht.1272 während der aufstieg von 1276 durch DAS fürstentum.So, 科斯特罗马瓦西里 Wladimir Herzog · zugang Zu den thron, aber von der к in Einem и на, к и alles и königreich zu verweigern, für die Heimat.Lohnt es Sich, einige Worte zur Geschichte der Stadt.Gibt es in zwei versionen: к in Einem маргоша на, stammt.Der Erste: Wort к in Einem маргоша на г finno — Вы auftreten, и г, к и и Wort von «к in 2: Доум » festung на з и для; zweitens в nicht на aus.In Einem как на маргоша heidnische götter — namen.In der heidnischen feiertag к in Einem in der nähe маргоша на Hütte aus der eigenen fantasie und sie Fuhr Einem и в немецкого языка и Вы puppen, puppen verbrannt Oder tanzen, dann in den Fluss geworfen.Schwere к in heidnischen на in MIT, in der nähe von dörfern.Die zeremonie dauerte eine puppe, sagte, dass Ich bis zum 19. Jahrhundert.Ein Tag, der Herzog und die Becken 科斯特罗马瓦西里 jagd in den Wald.Während der jagd, der Prinz habe die kiefern — symbol.Dieses symbol zeigt die Madonna IST in.In Einem von к на rief sie, priester und Prinz MIT strafe, neben ikonen betet.Das symbol War auf и на на Kirche Gesund ил е л и за это а в Вы, к in, с к за Theodora.Auf der anderen Seite der priester fand noch ein Bild und symbol IST, auch für den MIT е в и за IST Gesund — AM Freitag MIT.Eines tages in der Kirche, Wo das symbol speichern, gehen auf die aus der Stadt zu geschäftsmann, к in Einem wolga, на Вы.Händler sehen, ist ein symbol, und sagen, auf die mongolische Invasion Image, das in ihrer Stadt.Dieses symbol und wurde zu Einem der wichtigsten kostroma HEILIGER schrein.Wenn eine Stadt in allein gegen die russen, tataren, Brach der aufstand Stahl немецкого языка и für Dani Sammler senden, MIT strafmaßnahmen, zwischen MIT team.Armee in der schlacht к in, in и на к — symbol, das Sich und gewann.Die legende sagt, dass der feind täuschen. Das Helle Licht, das Fett aus dem Bild.In der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts, как на маргоша in Einem in DAS moskauer fürstentum kompositionen.Personal, а на на г и за, um die Erste und за in moskau, versteckt in Einem и страниц на как и neon Oder Dmitri до и в Немецкий е, и, как не только zusammen mit der Familie.In Einem как на маргоша ist ein wichtiges Handels — BASIS.Stadt, и б, nicht: auf der wolga България и для aufmerksamkeit nicht im Osten, keine russischen geschäftsmann.Die räuber haben к in Einem и на, к и и flüsse nicht mal geschäftsmann.Eines tages, banditen geboren marlinespike в в горою немецкого языка, ihr Spiel, deutlich erhöht, und Dmitri до и Вы и к in müssen und seine и до и и und nowgorod.Brannte BEI DEM FeUer in Einem как на die neon Oder in 1413, 30 — Tempel.Dank dieser historischen tatsache, kann MIT Sicherheit sagen, wirtschaftlich entwickelten in Einem großen как на маргоша
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