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Coordinates: 8°N 5°W / 8°N 5°W

Republic of Côte d’Ivoire République de Côte d’Ivoire (French)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: ‘Union – Discipline – Travail’ (French) ‘Unity – Discipline – Work’
Anthem: L’Abidjanaise (English: «Song of Abidjan»)
Capital	Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic) 6°51′N 5°18′W / 6.850°N 5.300°W
Largest city	Abidjan
Official languages	French
Vernacular languages	Bété Jula Baule Abron Anyin Cebaara Senufo others
Ethnic groups (2018)	41.1% Akan 27.5% Dyula, Maninka 17.6% Voltaiques / Gur 11.0% Kru 2.8% Othersa
Religion (2021 census)[1]	42.5% Christianity 39.8% Islam 12.6% No religion 2.2% Traditional faiths 2.2% Undeclared[a] 0.7% Others
Demonym(s)	Ivorian
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Alassane Ouattara
• Vice President	Tiémoko Meyliet Koné
• Prime Minister	Patrick Achi
Legislature	Parliament of Ivory Coast
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	National Assembly
History
• Republic established	4 December 1958
• Independence from France	7 August 1960
Area
• Total	322,463 km2 (124,504 sq mi) (68th)
• Water (%)	1.4[2]
Population
• 2021 census	29,389,150[3]
• Density	91.1/km2 (235.9/sq mi) (139th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$181.5  billion[4] (78th)
• Per capita	$6,397[4] (138th)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$68.8  billion[4] (84th)
• Per capita	$2,418[4] (141th)
Gini (2015)	41.5[5] medium
HDI (2021)	0.550[6] medium · 159th
Currency	West African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zone	UTC±00:00 (GMT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+225
ISO 3166 code	CI
Internet TLD	.ci
Including approximately 130,000 Lebanese and 14,000 French people.
^ The 2021 census did not report the religious affiliation of the remaining 2.2% of the population.

Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d’Ivoire,^[a] officially the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Christianity, Islam, and indigenous faiths.

Before its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European Scramble for Africa. It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. Relatively stable by regional standards, Ivory Coast established close political-economic ties with its West African neighbours while maintaining close relations with the West, especially France. Its stability was diminished by a coup d’état in 1999, then two civil wars—first between 2002 and 2007^[8] and again during 2010–2011. It adopted a new constitution in 2016.

Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president. Through the production of coffee and cocoa, it was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, then experienced an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil that extended until 2011. Ivory Coast has experienced again high economic growth since the return of peace and political stability in 2011. From 2012 to 2021, the economy grew by an average of 7.4% per year in real terms, the second-fasted rate of economic growth in Africa and fourth-fastest rate in the world.^[9] In 2020 Ivory Coast was the world’s largest exporter of cocoa beans and had high levels of income for its region.^[10] In the 21st century, the economy still relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production predominating.^[2]

Etymology[edit]

Originally, Portuguese and French merchant-explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, very roughly, into four «coasts» reflecting resources available from each coast. The coast that the French named the Côte d’Ivoire and the Portuguese named the Costa do Marfim—both meaning «Coast of Ivory»—lay between what was known as the Guiné de Cabo Verde, so-called «Upper Guinea» at Cap-Vert, and Lower Guinea.^[11][12] There was also a Pepper Coast, also known as the «Grain Coast» (present-day Liberia), a «Gold Coast» (Ghana), and a «Slave Coast» (Togo, Benin and Nigeria). Like those, the name «Ivory Coast» reflected the major trade that occurred on that particular stretch of the coast: the export of ivory.^{[13][11][14][12][15]}

Other names for the area included the Côte de Dents,^[b] literally «Coast of Teeth», again reflecting the ivory trade;^{[17][18][13][12][15][19]} the Côte de Quaqua, after the people whom the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternatively Kwa Kwa);^[18][11][16] the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there;^[18] and the Côte du Vent,^[c] the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions.^[13][11] In the 19th century, usage switched to Côte d’Ivoire.^[18]

The coastline of the modern state is not quite coterminous with what the 15th- and 16th-century merchants knew as the «Teeth» or «Ivory» coast, which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which is thus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast (with a minute portion of Liberia).^{[17][14][19][16]} It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960.^[20] The name had long since been translated literally into other languages,^[d] which the post-independence government considered increasingly troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. Therefore, in April 1986, the government declared that Côte d’Ivoire (or, more fully, République de Côte d’Ivoire^[22]) would be its formal name for the purposes of diplomatic protocol and has since officially refused to recognize any translations from French to other languages in its international dealings.^[21][23][24] Despite the Ivorian government’s request, the English translation «Ivory Coast» (often «the Ivory Coast») is still frequently used in English by various media outlets and publications.^[e][f]

History[edit]

Land migration[edit]

The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country’s humid climate. However, newly found weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnants of cooking and fishing) have been interpreted as a possible indication of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC),^[32] or at the minimum, the Neolithic period.^[33]

The earliest known inhabitants of the Ivory Coast have left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenous inhabitants,^[34] who migrated south into the area before the 16th century. Such groups included the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand-Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).^[35]

Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods[edit]

The first recorded history appears in the chronicles of North African (Berber) traders, who, from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods.^[34] The southern terminuses of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rainforest.^[34] The most important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into major commercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed.^[34]

By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighbouring states.^[34] The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education.^[34] Islam had been introduced in the western Sudan by Muslim Berbers; it spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers.^[34] From the 11th century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.^[34]

The Ghana Empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries.^[34] At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuktu.^[34] After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the early part of the 14th century.^[34] The territory of the Mali Empire in the Ivory Coast was limited to the northwest corner around Odienné.^[34]

Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the 14th and 16th centuries.^[34] Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led to factional warfare.^[34] This discord spurred most of the migrations southward toward the forest belt.^[34] The dense rainforest covering the southern half of the country created barriers to the large-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north.^[34] Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages; their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders.^[36] Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.^[36]

Pre-European modern period[edit]

Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast during the pre-European early modern period.^[36] The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Dyula in the early 18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire.^[36] Although Kong became a prosperous centre of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom.^[37] In 1895 the city of Kong was sacked and conquered by Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire.^[37]

The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 17th century by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana.^[37] From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent arrivals from the market city of Begho.^[37] Bondoukou developed into a major centre of commerce and Islam.^[37] The kingdom’s Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa.^[37] In the mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.^[37]

The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, developed a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers.^[37] It finally split into smaller chiefdoms.^[37] Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation.^[37] The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast’s independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom.^[37]

Establishment of French rule[edit]

Compared to neighbouring Ghana, Ivory Coast, though practising slavery and slave raiding, suffered little from the slave trade.^[38] European slave and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast.^[38] The earliest recorded European voyage to West Africa was made by the Portuguese in 1482.^{[citation needed]} The first West African French settlement, Saint-Louis, was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal, while at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Gorée Island, off Dakar.^[39] A French mission was established in 1687 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana).^[39] The Europeans suppressed the local practice of slavery at this time and forbade the trade to their merchants.^{[citation needed]}

Assinie’s survival was precarious, however; the French were not firmly established in Ivory Coast until the mid-19th century.^[39] In 1843–44, French Admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand-Bassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate.^[40] French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region.^[39][40] Pacification was not accomplished until 1915.^[40]

Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the Senegal and the Niger.^[39] Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but moved slowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy.^[39] In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African chiefs that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centres.^[39] The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another at Grand-Bassam, which became the colony’s first capital.^[39] The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local chiefs for the use of the land.^[39] The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French, because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose.^[39] Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.^[39] France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast.^[39]

The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace–Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants.^[39] The trading post at Grand-Bassam was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.^[39]

In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior.^[41] In 1887, Lieutenant Louis-Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast’s interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast.^[42] Also in 1887, Verdier’s agent, Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast.^[42]

French colonial era[edit]

By the end of the 1880s, France had established control over the coastal regions, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area.^[42] That same year, France named Treich-Laplène the titular governor of the territory.^[42] In 1893, Ivory Coast became a French colony, with its capital in Grand-Bassam, and Captain Binger was appointed governor.^[42] Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons.^[42]

France’s main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa, and palm oil crops were soon planted along the coast. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of European settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, Europeans who emigrated to the colonies were largely bureaucrats. As a result, French citizens owned one-third of the cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations and adopted the local forced-labour system.^{[citation needed]}

Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts.^[42] The African population resisted French penetration and settlement, even in areas where treaties of protection had been in force.^[42] Among those offering the greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast.^[42] Ture’s large, well-equipped army, which could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region.^[42] The French responded to Ture’s expansion and conquest with military pressure.^[42] French campaigns against Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898 and his empire dissolved.^[42]

France’s imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony’s public works program provoked protests.^[43] Many Ivorians saw the tax as a violation of the protectorate treaties because they felt that France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse.^[43] Many, especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.^[43] In 1905, the French officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa.^[44] From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was part of the Federation of French West Africa.^[40] It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic.^[40] In World War I, France organized regiments from Ivory Coast to fight in France, and colony resources were rationed from 1917 to 1919.^{[citation needed]} Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris.^[40] France’s policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of «association», meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French «subjects» but without rights to representation in Africa or France.^[40]

French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association.^[45] Based on the assumed superiority of French culture, in practice the assimilation policy meant the extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs to the colonies.^[45] The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized.^[45] Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests.^[45]

An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between French and Africans.^[45] After 1930, a small number of Westernized Ivorians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship.^[45] Most Ivorians, however, were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association.^[45] As subjects of France, natives outside the civilized elite had no political rights.^[46] They were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility.^[46] They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.^[46]

During World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of General Charles de Gaulle’s provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa.^[40] The Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France’s gratitude for African loyalty during World War II, led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946.^[40] French citizenship was granted to all African «subjects», the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished.^[40] Between 1944 and 1946, many national conferences and constituent assemblies took place between France’s government and provisional governments in Ivory Coast.^{[citation needed]} Governmental reforms were established by late 1946, which granted French citizenship to all African «subjects» under the colonial control of the French.^{[citation needed]}

Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivorian participation in policy-making.^[45] The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite.^[45] The French were also interested in ensuring that the small but influential Ivorian elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from developing anti-French sentiments and calls for independence.^[45] Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivorians believed that they would achieve equality in the French colonial system through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France.^[45] After the assimilation doctrine was implemented through the postwar reforms, though, Ivorian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivorians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence.^[45]

Independence[edit]

Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the son of a Baoulé chief, became Ivory Coast’s father of independence. In 1944, he formed the country’s first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself. Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, the union members united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and was elected to the French Parliament in Paris within a year. A year later, the French abolished forced labour. Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the French government, expressing a belief that Ivory Coast would benefit from the relationship, which it did for many years. France appointed him as a minister, the first African to become a minister in a European government.^[47]

A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred several powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed the remaining voting inequities.^[40] On 4 December 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the French Community, which had replaced the French Union.^[48]

By 1960, the country was easily French West Africa’s most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region’s total exports. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production, which was further boosted by a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output, behind Brazil and Colombia. By 1979, the country was the world’s leading producer of cocoa. It also became Africa’s leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the «Ivorian miracle». In other African nations, the people drove out the Europeans following independence, but in Ivory Coast, they poured in. The French community grew from only 30,000 before independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers, and advisors.^[49] For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%—the highest of Africa’s non-oil-exporting countries.

Houphouët-Boigny administration[edit]

Houphouët-Boigny’s one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Laurent Gbagbo, who would become the president of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee the country in the 1980s after he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny by founding the Front Populaire Ivoirien.^[50] Houphouët-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population, who continued to elect him. He was criticized for his emphasis on developing large-scale projects.

Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new political capital were wasted; others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace, education, and religion in the heart of the country. In the early 1980s, the world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivorian economy. The overcutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices caused the country’s external debt to increase three-fold. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession.^[51] In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. The unrest forced the government to support multi-party democracy. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in 1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his successor.

Bédié administration[edit]

In October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook improved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt. Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasized the concept of Ivoirité to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara, who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for the future presidential election. As people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivorian population, this policy excluded many people of Ivorian nationality. The relationship between various ethnic groups became strained, resulting in two civil wars in the following decades.

Similarly, Bedié excluded many potential opponents from the army. In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéï in power. Bedié fled into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime and corruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.

First civil war[edit]

A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was not peaceful. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Ouattara was disqualified by the country’s Supreme Court because of his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The constitution did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from the country’s north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.

In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the Gbago was in Italy, an armed uprising occurred. Troops who were to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime, the government forces had secured Abidjan. They had lost control of the north of the country, and rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouaké. The rebels threatened to move on to Abidjan again, and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop their advance. The French said they were protecting their citizens from danger, but their deployment also helped government forces. That the French were helping either side was not established as a fact, but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side. Whether French actions improved or worsened the situation in the long term is disputed. What exactly happened that night is also disputed.

The government claimed that former president Robert Guéï led a coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street; counter-claims stated that he and 15 others had been murdered at his home, and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had been burned down. President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by the thousands, attacking residents. An early ceasefire with the rebels, which had the backing of much of the northern populace, proved short-lived and fighting over the prime cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west.

In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a «government of national unity». Curfews were lifted, and French troops patrolled the country’s western border. The unity government was unstable, and central problems remained with neither side achieving its goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed at an opposition rally, and subsequent mob violence led to the evacuation of foreign nationals. A report concluded the killings were planned. Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a «Zone of Confidence», relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.

Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed because the rebels refused to disarm, Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these airstrikes in Bouaké, on 6 November 2004, French soldiers were hit, and nine were killed; the Ivorian government said it was a mistake, but the French claimed it was deliberate. They responded by destroying most Ivorian military aircraft (two Su-25 planes and five helicopters), and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan.^[52]

Gbagbo’s original term as president expired on 30 October 2005, but a peaceful election was deemed impossible, so his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year, according to a plan worked out by the African Union and endorsed by the United Nations Security Council.^[53] With the late-October deadline approaching in 2006, the election was regarded as very unlikely to be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo.^[54] The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo’s term on 1 November 2006; however, the resolution provided for strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny’s powers. Gbagbo said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.^[55]

A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo’s position.^[56] According to UNICEF, at the end of the civil war, water and sanitation infrastructure had been greatly damaged. Communities across the country required repairs to their water supply.^[57]

Second civil war[edit]

The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary results showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former Prime Minister Ouattara.^[58] The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers (unlike African Union observers). The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consisted of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote – instead of Ouattara winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission.^[58] After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara—who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations—organized an alternative inauguration. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country.^[58] The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former president of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Ouattara as the winner of the elections, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States, which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies^[59] while the African Union also suspended the country’s membership.^[60]

In 2010, a colonel of Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,000 handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo.^[61] Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia.^[62][63]

The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. In Duékoué, hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Bloléquin, dozens were killed.^[64] UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo.^[65] Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011.^[66] The country was severely damaged by the war, and it was observed that Ouattara had inherited a formidable challenge to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians.^[67] Gbagbo was taken to the International Criminal Court in January 2016. He was declared acquitted by the court but given a conditional release^[68] in January 2019.^[69] Belgium has been designated as a host country.^[70]

Ouattara administration[edit]

Ouattara has ruled the country since 2010. President Ouattara was re-elected in 2015 presidential election.^[71] In November 2020, he won third term in office in elections boycotted by the opposition. His opponents argued it was illegal for Ouattara to run for a third term.^[72] Ivory Coast’s Constitutional Council formally ratified President Ouattara’s re-election to a third term in November 2020.^[73]

Government and politics[edit]

The government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Parliament of Ivory Coast, consists of the indirectly elected Senate and the National Assembly which has 255 members, elected for five-year terms.

Since 1983, Ivory Coast’s capital has been Yamoussoukro, while Abidjan was the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan. The Ivorian population has suffered because of the ongoing civil war as of September 2021. International human-rights organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides and the re-emergence of child slavery in cocoa production.

Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the north controlled by the New Forces. A new presidential election was expected to be held in October 2005, and the rival parties agreed in March 2007 to proceed with this, but it continued to be postponed until November 2010 due to delays in its preparation.

Elections were finally held in 2010. The first round of elections was held peacefully and widely hailed as free and fair. Runoffs were held on 28 November 2010, after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November. Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara.^[74] On 2 December, the Electoral Commission declared that Ouattara had won the election by a margin of 54% to 46%. In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced that country’s borders had been sealed. An Ivorian military spokesman said, «The air, land, and sea border of the country are closed to all movement of people and goods.»^[75]

President Alassane Ouattara has led the country since 2010 and he was re-elected to a third term in November 2020 elections boycotted by two leading opposition figures former President Henri Konan Bedie and ex-Prime Minister Pascal Affi N’Guessan.^[76] The Achi II government has ruled the country since April 2022.^[77]

Foreign relations[edit]

In Africa, Ivorian diplomacy favors step-by-step economic and political cooperation. In 1959, Ivory Coast formed the Council of the Entente with Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, and Togo; in 1965, the African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM); in 1972, the Economic Community of West Africa (CEAO). The latter organization changed to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. A founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963 and then of the African Union in 2000, Ivory Coast defends respect for state sovereignty and peaceful cooperation between African countries.

Worldwide, Ivorian diplomacy is committed to fair economic and trade relations, including the fair trade of agricultural products and the promotion of peaceful relations with all countries. Ivory Coast thus maintains diplomatic relations with international organizations and countries all around the world. In particular, it has signed United Nations treaties such as the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1967 Protocol, and the 1969 Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. Ivory Coast is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States, and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.

Ivory Coast has partnered with nations of the Sub-Saharan region to strengthen water and sanitation infrastructure. This has been done mainly with the help of organizations such as UNICEF and corporations like Nestle.^[57]

In 2015, the United Nations engineered the Sustainable Development Goals (replacing the Millennium Development Goals). They focus on health, education, poverty, hunger, climate change, water sanitation, and hygiene. A major focus was clean water and salinization. Experts working in these fields have designed the WASH concept. WASH focuses on safe drinkable water, hygiene, and proper sanitation. The group has had a major impact on the sub-Saharan region of Africa, particularly the Ivory Coast. By 2030, they plan to have universal and equal access to safe and affordable drinking water.^[79]

Military[edit]

As of 2012, major equipment items reported by the Ivory Coast Army included 10 T-55 tanks (marked as potentially unserviceable), five AMX-13 light tanks, 34 reconnaissance vehicles, 10 BMP-1/2 armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 41 wheeled APCs, and 36+ artillery pieces.^[80]

In 2012, the Ivory Coast Air Force consisted of one Mil Mi-24 attack helicopter and three SA330L Puma transports (marked as potentially unserviceable).^[81]

In 2017, Ivory Coast signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.^[82]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Since 2011, Ivory Coast has been administratively organised into 12 districts plus two district-level autonomous cities. The districts are sub-divided into 31 regions; the regions are divided into 108 departments; and the departments are divided into 510 sub-prefectures.^[83] In some instances, multiple villages are organised into communes. The autonomous districts are not divided into regions, but they do contain departments, sub-prefectures, and communes. Since 2011, governors for the 12 non-autonomous districts have not been appointed. As a result, these districts have not yet begun to function as governmental entities.

The following is the list of districts, district capitals and each district’s regions:

Largest cities[edit]

v t e Largest cities or towns in Ivory Coast According to the 2014 Census in Ivory Coast
	Rank	Name	District	Pop.
Abidjan	1	Abidjan	Abidjan	4,395,243
2	Bouaké	Vallée du Bandama	536,719
3	Daloa	Sassandra-Marahoué	245,360
4	Korhogo	Savanes	243,048
5	Yamoussoukro	Yamoussoukro	212,670
6	San-Pédro	Bas-Sassandra	164,944
7	Gagnoa	Gôh-Djiboua	160,465
8	Man	Montagnes	149,041
9	Divo	Gôh-Djiboua	105,397
10	Anyama	Abidjan	103,297

Geography[edit]

Ivory Coast is a country in western sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south. The country lies between latitudes 4° and 11°N, and longitudes 2° and 9°W. Around 64.8% of the land is agricultural land; arable land amounted to 9.1%, permanent pasture 41.5%, and permanent crops 14.2%. Water pollution is one of the biggest issues that the country is currently facing.^[2]

Biodiversity[edit]

There are over 1,200 animal species including 223 mammals, 702 birds, 125 reptiles, 38 amphibians, and 111 species of fish, alongside 4,700 plant species. It is the most biodiverse country in West Africa, with the majority of its wildlife population living in the nation’s rugged interior.^[86] The nation has nine national parks, the largest of which is Assgny National Park which occupies an area of around 17,000 hectares or 42,000 acres.^[87]

The country contains six terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean montane forests, Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.^[88] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.64/10, ranking it 143rd globally out of 172 countries.^[89]

Economy[edit]

Ivory Coast has, for the region, a relatively high income per capita (US$1,662 in 2017) and plays a key role in transit trade for neighbouring landlocked countries. The country is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40% of the monetary union’s total GDP. Ivory Coast is the fourth-largest exporter of general goods in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola).^[90]

The country is the world’s largest exporter of cocoa beans. In 2009, cocoa-bean farmers earned $2.53 billion for cocoa exports and were projected to produce 630,000 metric tons in 2013.^[91][92] Ivory Coast also has 100,000 rubber farmers who earned a total of $105 million in 2012.^[93][94]

Close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of agricultural exports, and encouragement of foreign investment have been factors in economic growth. In recent years, Ivory Coast has been subject to greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primary crops of coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for the grower, those exporting into foreign markets, and the labour force; instances of indentured labour have been reported in the country’s cocoa and coffee production in every edition of the U.S. Department of Labor’s List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor since 2009.^[95]

Ivory Coast’s economy has grown faster than that of most other African countries since independence. One possible reason for this might be taxes on exported agriculture. Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Kenya were exceptions as their rulers were themselves large cash-crop producers, and the newly independent countries desisted from imposing penal rates of taxation on exported agriculture. As such, their economies did well.^[96]

Around 7.5 million people made up the workforce in 2009. The workforce took a hit, especially in the private sector, during the early 2000s with numerous economic crises since 1999. Furthermore, these crises caused companies to close and move locations, especially in the tourism industry, and transit and banking companies. Decreasing job markets posed a huge issue as unemployment rates grew. Unemployment rates raised to 9.4% in 2012.^[97] Solutions proposed to decrease unemployment included diversifying jobs in small trade. This division of work encouraged farmers and the agricultural sector. Self-employment policy, established by the Ivorian government, allowed for very strong growth in the field with an increase of 142% in seven years from 1995.^[98]

Demographics[edit]

According to the December 14, 2021 census, the population was 29,389,150,^[3] up from 22,671,331 at the 2014 census.^[101] The first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.^[102] According to a Demographic and Health Surveys nationwide survey, the total fertility rate stood at 4.3 children per woman in 2021 (with 3.6 in urban areas and 5.3 in rural areas), down from 5.0 children per woman in 2012.^[103]

Languages[edit]

It is estimated that 78 languages are spoken in Ivory Coast.^[104] French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca. A semi-creolized form of French, known as Nouchi, has emerged in Abidjan in recent years and spread among the younger generation.^[105] One of the most common indigenous languages is Dyula, which acts as a trade language in much of the country, particularly in the north, and is mutually intelligible with other Manding languages widely spoken in neighboring countries.^[106]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Macroethnic groupings in the country include Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Kru-speaking peoples (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), and others (2.8%, including 100,000 Lebanese^[107] and 45,000 French; 2004). Each of these categories is subdivided into different ethnicities. For example, the Akan grouping includes the Baoulé, the Voltaique category includes the Senufo, the Northern Mande category includes the Dioula and the Maninka, the Kru category includes the Bété and the Kru, and the Southern Mande category includes the Yacouba.

About 77% of the population is considered Ivorian. Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the most successful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4  million) consists of workers from neighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso, and Guinea. About 4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Many are French,^[49] Lebanese,^[108][109] Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, as well as evangelical missionaries from the United States and Canada. In November 2004, around 10,000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.^[110] Aside from French nationals, native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country’s colonial period are present.

Religion[edit]

Ivory Coast is religiously diverse. According to the latest 2021 census data, adherents of Islam (mainly Sunni) represented 42.5% of the total population, while followers of Christianity (mainly Catholic and Evangelical) comprised 39.8% of the population. An additional 12.6% of the population identified as Irreligious, while 2.2% reported following Animism.^[1][2]

A 2020 estimate by the Pew Research Center, projected that Christians would represent 44% of the total population, while Muslims would represent 37.2% of the population. In addition, it estimated that 8.1% would be religiously unaffiliated, and 10.5% as followers of traditional African religions.^[111][2] In 2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of the population, while an estimated 25% of the population practised traditional (animist) religions.^[112]

Yamoussoukro is home to the largest church building in the world, the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.^[113]

Health[edit]

Life expectancy at birth was 42 for males in 2004; for females it was 47.^[114] Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 live births.^[114] Twelve physicians are available per 100,000 people.^[114] About a quarter of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.^[115] About 36% of women have undergone female genital mutilation.^[116] According to 2010 estimates, Ivory Coast has the 27th-highest maternal mortality rate in the world.^[117] The HIV/AIDS rate was 19th-highest in the world, estimated in 2012 at 3.20% among adults aged 15–49 years.^[118]

Education[edit]

Among sub-Saharan African countries, Ivory Coast has one of the highest literacy rates.^[2] According to The World Factbook as of 2019, 89.9% of the population aged 15 and over can read and write.^[119] A large part of the adult population, in particular women, is illiterate. Many children between 6 and 10 years old are not enrolled in school.^[120] The majority of students in secondary education are male. At the end of secondary education, students can sit for the baccalauréat examination. Universities include Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny in Abidjan and the Université Alassane Ouattara in Bouaké.

Science and technology[edit]

According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ivory Coast devotes about 0.13% of GDP to GERD. Apart from low investment, other challenges include inadequate scientific equipment, the fragmentation of research organizations and a failure to exploit and protect research results.^[121] Ivory Coast was ranked 114st in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 103rd in 2019.^{[122][123][124][125]} The share of the National Development Plan for 2012–2015 that is devoted to scientific research remains modest. Within the section on greater wealth creation and social equity (63.8% of the total budget for the Plan), just 1.2% is allocated to scientific research. Twenty-four national research programmes group public and private research and training institutions around a common research theme. These programmes correspond to eight priority sectors for 2012–2015, namely: health, raw materials, agriculture, culture, environment, governance, mining and energy; and technology.^[121]

Culture[edit]

Each of the ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast has its own music genres, most showing strong vocal polyphony. Talking drums are common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest. Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo, zouglou, and Coupé-Décalé. A few Ivorian artists who have known international success are Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat, AfroB, Serge Beynaud and Christina Goh, of Ivorian descent.

Sport[edit]

The most popular sport is association football. The national football team has played in the World Cup three times, in Germany 2006, in South Africa 2010, and Brazil in 2014. The women’s football team played in the 2015 Women’s World Cup in Canada. The country has been the host of several major African sporting events, with the most recent being the 2013 African Basketball Championship. In the past, the country hosted the 1984 African Cup of Nations, in which the Ivory Coast football team finished fifth, and the 1985 African Basketball Championship, where the national basketball team won the gold medal.

400m metre runner Gabriel Tiacoh won the silver medal in the men’s 400 metres at the 1984 Olympics. The country hosted the 8th edition of Jeux de la Francophonie in 2017. In the sport of athletics, well known participants include Marie-Josée Ta Lou and Murielle Ahouré.

Rugby union is popular, and the national rugby union team qualified to play at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa in 1995. Ivory Coast has won two Africa Cups: one in 1992 and the other in 2015. Ivory Coast is known for Taekwondo with well-known competitors such as Cheick Cissé, Ruth Gbagbi, and Firmin Zokou.

Cuisine[edit]

Traditional cuisine is very similar to that of neighbouring countries in West Africa in its reliance on grains and tubers. Cassava and plantains are significant parts of Ivorian cuisine. A type of corn paste called aitiu is used to prepare corn balls, and peanuts are widely used in many dishes. Attiéké is a popular side dish made with grated cassava, a vegetable-based couscous. Common street food is alloco, plantain fried in palm oil, spiced with steamed onions and chili, and eaten along with grilled fish or boiled eggs. Chicken is commonly consumed and has a unique flavor because of its lean, low-fat mass in this region. Seafood includes tuna, sardines, shrimp, and bonito, which is similar to tuna. Mafé is a common dish consisting of meat in peanut sauce.^[126]

Slow-simmered stews with various ingredients are another common food staple.^[126] Kedjenou is a dish consisting of chicken and vegetables slow-cooked in a sealed pot with little or no added liquid, which concentrates the flavors of the chicken and vegetables and tenderizes the chicken.^[126] It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slow fire, or cooked in an oven.^[126] Bangui is a local palm wine.

Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a maquis, which is unique to the region. A maquis normally features braised chicken, and fish covered in onions and tomatoes served with attiéké or kedjenou.

See also[edit]

• Index of Ivory Coast–related articles
• Outline of Ivory Coast

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Trade

• Ivory Coast 2012 Trade Summary

Coordinates: 8°N 5°W / 8°N 5°W

Republic of Côte d’Ivoire République de Côte d’Ivoire (French)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: ‘Union – Discipline – Travail’ (French) ‘Unity – Discipline – Work’
Anthem: L’Abidjanaise (English: «Song of Abidjan»)
Capital	Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic) 6°51′N 5°18′W / 6.850°N 5.300°W
Largest city	Abidjan
Official languages	French
Vernacular languages	Bété Jula Baule Abron Anyin Cebaara Senufo others
Ethnic groups (2018)	41.1% Akan 27.5% Dyula, Maninka 17.6% Voltaiques / Gur 11.0% Kru 2.8% Othersa
Religion (2021 census)[1]	42.5% Christianity 39.8% Islam 12.6% No religion 2.2% Traditional faiths 2.2% Undeclared[a] 0.7% Others
Demonym(s)	Ivorian
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Alassane Ouattara
• Vice President	Tiémoko Meyliet Koné
• Prime Minister	Patrick Achi
Legislature	Parliament of Ivory Coast
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	National Assembly
History
• Republic established	4 December 1958
• Independence from France	7 August 1960
Area
• Total	322,463 km2 (124,504 sq mi) (68th)
• Water (%)	1.4[2]
Population
• 2021 census	29,389,150[3]
• Density	91.1/km2 (235.9/sq mi) (139th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$181.5  billion[4] (78th)
• Per capita	$6,397[4] (138th)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$68.8  billion[4] (84th)
• Per capita	$2,418[4] (141th)
Gini (2015)	41.5[5] medium
HDI (2021)	0.550[6] medium · 159th
Currency	West African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zone	UTC±00:00 (GMT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+225
ISO 3166 code	CI
Internet TLD	.ci
Including approximately 130,000 Lebanese and 14,000 French people.
^ The 2021 census did not report the religious affiliation of the remaining 2.2% of the population.

Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d’Ivoire,^[a] officially the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Christianity, Islam, and indigenous faiths.

Before its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European Scramble for Africa. It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. Relatively stable by regional standards, Ivory Coast established close political-economic ties with its West African neighbours while maintaining close relations with the West, especially France. Its stability was diminished by a coup d’état in 1999, then two civil wars—first between 2002 and 2007^[8] and again during 2010–2011. It adopted a new constitution in 2016.

Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president. Through the production of coffee and cocoa, it was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, then experienced an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil that extended until 2011. Ivory Coast has experienced again high economic growth since the return of peace and political stability in 2011. From 2012 to 2021, the economy grew by an average of 7.4% per year in real terms, the second-fasted rate of economic growth in Africa and fourth-fastest rate in the world.^[9] In 2020 Ivory Coast was the world’s largest exporter of cocoa beans and had high levels of income for its region.^[10] In the 21st century, the economy still relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production predominating.^[2]

Etymology[edit]

Originally, Portuguese and French merchant-explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, very roughly, into four «coasts» reflecting resources available from each coast. The coast that the French named the Côte d’Ivoire and the Portuguese named the Costa do Marfim—both meaning «Coast of Ivory»—lay between what was known as the Guiné de Cabo Verde, so-called «Upper Guinea» at Cap-Vert, and Lower Guinea.^[11][12] There was also a Pepper Coast, also known as the «Grain Coast» (present-day Liberia), a «Gold Coast» (Ghana), and a «Slave Coast» (Togo, Benin and Nigeria). Like those, the name «Ivory Coast» reflected the major trade that occurred on that particular stretch of the coast: the export of ivory.^{[13][11][14][12][15]}

Other names for the area included the Côte de Dents,^[b] literally «Coast of Teeth», again reflecting the ivory trade;^{[17][18][13][12][15][19]} the Côte de Quaqua, after the people whom the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternatively Kwa Kwa);^[18][11][16] the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there;^[18] and the Côte du Vent,^[c] the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions.^[13][11] In the 19th century, usage switched to Côte d’Ivoire.^[18]

The coastline of the modern state is not quite coterminous with what the 15th- and 16th-century merchants knew as the «Teeth» or «Ivory» coast, which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which is thus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast (with a minute portion of Liberia).^{[17][14][19][16]} It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960.^[20] The name had long since been translated literally into other languages,^[d] which the post-independence government considered increasingly troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. Therefore, in April 1986, the government declared that Côte d’Ivoire (or, more fully, République de Côte d’Ivoire^[22]) would be its formal name for the purposes of diplomatic protocol and has since officially refused to recognize any translations from French to other languages in its international dealings.^[21][23][24] Despite the Ivorian government’s request, the English translation «Ivory Coast» (often «the Ivory Coast») is still frequently used in English by various media outlets and publications.^[e][f]

History[edit]

Land migration[edit]

The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country’s humid climate. However, newly found weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnants of cooking and fishing) have been interpreted as a possible indication of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC),^[32] or at the minimum, the Neolithic period.^[33]

The earliest known inhabitants of the Ivory Coast have left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenous inhabitants,^[34] who migrated south into the area before the 16th century. Such groups included the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand-Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).^[35]

Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods[edit]

The first recorded history appears in the chronicles of North African (Berber) traders, who, from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods.^[34] The southern terminuses of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rainforest.^[34] The most important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into major commercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed.^[34]

By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighbouring states.^[34] The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education.^[34] Islam had been introduced in the western Sudan by Muslim Berbers; it spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers.^[34] From the 11th century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.^[34]

The Ghana Empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries.^[34] At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuktu.^[34] After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the early part of the 14th century.^[34] The territory of the Mali Empire in the Ivory Coast was limited to the northwest corner around Odienné.^[34]

Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the 14th and 16th centuries.^[34] Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led to factional warfare.^[34] This discord spurred most of the migrations southward toward the forest belt.^[34] The dense rainforest covering the southern half of the country created barriers to the large-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north.^[34] Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages; their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders.^[36] Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.^[36]

Pre-European modern period[edit]

Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast during the pre-European early modern period.^[36] The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Dyula in the early 18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire.^[36] Although Kong became a prosperous centre of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom.^[37] In 1895 the city of Kong was sacked and conquered by Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire.^[37]

The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 17th century by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana.^[37] From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent arrivals from the market city of Begho.^[37] Bondoukou developed into a major centre of commerce and Islam.^[37] The kingdom’s Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa.^[37] In the mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.^[37]

The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, developed a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers.^[37] It finally split into smaller chiefdoms.^[37] Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation.^[37] The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast’s independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom.^[37]

Establishment of French rule[edit]

Compared to neighbouring Ghana, Ivory Coast, though practising slavery and slave raiding, suffered little from the slave trade.^[38] European slave and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast.^[38] The earliest recorded European voyage to West Africa was made by the Portuguese in 1482.^{[citation needed]} The first West African French settlement, Saint-Louis, was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal, while at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Gorée Island, off Dakar.^[39] A French mission was established in 1687 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana).^[39] The Europeans suppressed the local practice of slavery at this time and forbade the trade to their merchants.^{[citation needed]}

Assinie’s survival was precarious, however; the French were not firmly established in Ivory Coast until the mid-19th century.^[39] In 1843–44, French Admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand-Bassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate.^[40] French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region.^[39][40] Pacification was not accomplished until 1915.^[40]

Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the Senegal and the Niger.^[39] Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but moved slowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy.^[39] In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African chiefs that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centres.^[39] The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another at Grand-Bassam, which became the colony’s first capital.^[39] The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local chiefs for the use of the land.^[39] The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French, because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose.^[39] Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.^[39] France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast.^[39]

The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace–Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants.^[39] The trading post at Grand-Bassam was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.^[39]

In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior.^[41] In 1887, Lieutenant Louis-Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast’s interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast.^[42] Also in 1887, Verdier’s agent, Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast.^[42]

French colonial era[edit]

By the end of the 1880s, France had established control over the coastal regions, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area.^[42] That same year, France named Treich-Laplène the titular governor of the territory.^[42] In 1893, Ivory Coast became a French colony, with its capital in Grand-Bassam, and Captain Binger was appointed governor.^[42] Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons.^[42]

France’s main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa, and palm oil crops were soon planted along the coast. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of European settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, Europeans who emigrated to the colonies were largely bureaucrats. As a result, French citizens owned one-third of the cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations and adopted the local forced-labour system.^{[citation needed]}

Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts.^[42] The African population resisted French penetration and settlement, even in areas where treaties of protection had been in force.^[42] Among those offering the greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast.^[42] Ture’s large, well-equipped army, which could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region.^[42] The French responded to Ture’s expansion and conquest with military pressure.^[42] French campaigns against Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898 and his empire dissolved.^[42]

France’s imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony’s public works program provoked protests.^[43] Many Ivorians saw the tax as a violation of the protectorate treaties because they felt that France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse.^[43] Many, especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.^[43] In 1905, the French officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa.^[44] From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was part of the Federation of French West Africa.^[40] It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic.^[40] In World War I, France organized regiments from Ivory Coast to fight in France, and colony resources were rationed from 1917 to 1919.^{[citation needed]} Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris.^[40] France’s policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of «association», meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French «subjects» but without rights to representation in Africa or France.^[40]

French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association.^[45] Based on the assumed superiority of French culture, in practice the assimilation policy meant the extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs to the colonies.^[45] The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized.^[45] Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests.^[45]

An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between French and Africans.^[45] After 1930, a small number of Westernized Ivorians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship.^[45] Most Ivorians, however, were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association.^[45] As subjects of France, natives outside the civilized elite had no political rights.^[46] They were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility.^[46] They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.^[46]

During World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of General Charles de Gaulle’s provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa.^[40] The Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France’s gratitude for African loyalty during World War II, led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946.^[40] French citizenship was granted to all African «subjects», the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished.^[40] Between 1944 and 1946, many national conferences and constituent assemblies took place between France’s government and provisional governments in Ivory Coast.^{[citation needed]} Governmental reforms were established by late 1946, which granted French citizenship to all African «subjects» under the colonial control of the French.^{[citation needed]}

Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivorian participation in policy-making.^[45] The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite.^[45] The French were also interested in ensuring that the small but influential Ivorian elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from developing anti-French sentiments and calls for independence.^[45] Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivorians believed that they would achieve equality in the French colonial system through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France.^[45] After the assimilation doctrine was implemented through the postwar reforms, though, Ivorian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivorians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence.^[45]

Independence[edit]

Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the son of a Baoulé chief, became Ivory Coast’s father of independence. In 1944, he formed the country’s first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself. Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, the union members united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and was elected to the French Parliament in Paris within a year. A year later, the French abolished forced labour. Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the French government, expressing a belief that Ivory Coast would benefit from the relationship, which it did for many years. France appointed him as a minister, the first African to become a minister in a European government.^[47]

A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred several powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed the remaining voting inequities.^[40] On 4 December 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the French Community, which had replaced the French Union.^[48]

By 1960, the country was easily French West Africa’s most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region’s total exports. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production, which was further boosted by a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output, behind Brazil and Colombia. By 1979, the country was the world’s leading producer of cocoa. It also became Africa’s leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the «Ivorian miracle». In other African nations, the people drove out the Europeans following independence, but in Ivory Coast, they poured in. The French community grew from only 30,000 before independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers, and advisors.^[49] For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%—the highest of Africa’s non-oil-exporting countries.

Houphouët-Boigny administration[edit]

Houphouët-Boigny’s one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Laurent Gbagbo, who would become the president of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee the country in the 1980s after he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny by founding the Front Populaire Ivoirien.^[50] Houphouët-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population, who continued to elect him. He was criticized for his emphasis on developing large-scale projects.

Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new political capital were wasted; others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace, education, and religion in the heart of the country. In the early 1980s, the world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivorian economy. The overcutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices caused the country’s external debt to increase three-fold. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession.^[51] In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. The unrest forced the government to support multi-party democracy. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in 1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his successor.

Bédié administration[edit]

In October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook improved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt. Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasized the concept of Ivoirité to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara, who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for the future presidential election. As people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivorian population, this policy excluded many people of Ivorian nationality. The relationship between various ethnic groups became strained, resulting in two civil wars in the following decades.

Similarly, Bedié excluded many potential opponents from the army. In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéï in power. Bedié fled into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime and corruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.

First civil war[edit]

A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was not peaceful. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Ouattara was disqualified by the country’s Supreme Court because of his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The constitution did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from the country’s north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.

In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the Gbago was in Italy, an armed uprising occurred. Troops who were to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime, the government forces had secured Abidjan. They had lost control of the north of the country, and rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouaké. The rebels threatened to move on to Abidjan again, and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop their advance. The French said they were protecting their citizens from danger, but their deployment also helped government forces. That the French were helping either side was not established as a fact, but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side. Whether French actions improved or worsened the situation in the long term is disputed. What exactly happened that night is also disputed.

The government claimed that former president Robert Guéï led a coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street; counter-claims stated that he and 15 others had been murdered at his home, and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had been burned down. President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by the thousands, attacking residents. An early ceasefire with the rebels, which had the backing of much of the northern populace, proved short-lived and fighting over the prime cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west.

In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a «government of national unity». Curfews were lifted, and French troops patrolled the country’s western border. The unity government was unstable, and central problems remained with neither side achieving its goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed at an opposition rally, and subsequent mob violence led to the evacuation of foreign nationals. A report concluded the killings were planned. Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a «Zone of Confidence», relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.

Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed because the rebels refused to disarm, Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these airstrikes in Bouaké, on 6 November 2004, French soldiers were hit, and nine were killed; the Ivorian government said it was a mistake, but the French claimed it was deliberate. They responded by destroying most Ivorian military aircraft (two Su-25 planes and five helicopters), and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan.^[52]

Gbagbo’s original term as president expired on 30 October 2005, but a peaceful election was deemed impossible, so his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year, according to a plan worked out by the African Union and endorsed by the United Nations Security Council.^[53] With the late-October deadline approaching in 2006, the election was regarded as very unlikely to be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo.^[54] The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo’s term on 1 November 2006; however, the resolution provided for strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny’s powers. Gbagbo said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.^[55]

A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo’s position.^[56] According to UNICEF, at the end of the civil war, water and sanitation infrastructure had been greatly damaged. Communities across the country required repairs to their water supply.^[57]

Second civil war[edit]

The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary results showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former Prime Minister Ouattara.^[58] The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers (unlike African Union observers). The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consisted of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote – instead of Ouattara winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission.^[58] After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara—who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations—organized an alternative inauguration. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country.^[58] The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former president of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Ouattara as the winner of the elections, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States, which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies^[59] while the African Union also suspended the country’s membership.^[60]

In 2010, a colonel of Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,000 handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo.^[61] Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia.^[62][63]

The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. In Duékoué, hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Bloléquin, dozens were killed.^[64] UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo.^[65] Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011.^[66] The country was severely damaged by the war, and it was observed that Ouattara had inherited a formidable challenge to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians.^[67] Gbagbo was taken to the International Criminal Court in January 2016. He was declared acquitted by the court but given a conditional release^[68] in January 2019.^[69] Belgium has been designated as a host country.^[70]

Ouattara administration[edit]

Ouattara has ruled the country since 2010. President Ouattara was re-elected in 2015 presidential election.^[71] In November 2020, he won third term in office in elections boycotted by the opposition. His opponents argued it was illegal for Ouattara to run for a third term.^[72] Ivory Coast’s Constitutional Council formally ratified President Ouattara’s re-election to a third term in November 2020.^[73]

Government and politics[edit]

The government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Parliament of Ivory Coast, consists of the indirectly elected Senate and the National Assembly which has 255 members, elected for five-year terms.

Since 1983, Ivory Coast’s capital has been Yamoussoukro, while Abidjan was the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan. The Ivorian population has suffered because of the ongoing civil war as of September 2021. International human-rights organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides and the re-emergence of child slavery in cocoa production.

Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the north controlled by the New Forces. A new presidential election was expected to be held in October 2005, and the rival parties agreed in March 2007 to proceed with this, but it continued to be postponed until November 2010 due to delays in its preparation.

Elections were finally held in 2010. The first round of elections was held peacefully and widely hailed as free and fair. Runoffs were held on 28 November 2010, after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November. Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara.^[74] On 2 December, the Electoral Commission declared that Ouattara had won the election by a margin of 54% to 46%. In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced that country’s borders had been sealed. An Ivorian military spokesman said, «The air, land, and sea border of the country are closed to all movement of people and goods.»^[75]

President Alassane Ouattara has led the country since 2010 and he was re-elected to a third term in November 2020 elections boycotted by two leading opposition figures former President Henri Konan Bedie and ex-Prime Minister Pascal Affi N’Guessan.^[76] The Achi II government has ruled the country since April 2022.^[77]

Foreign relations[edit]

In Africa, Ivorian diplomacy favors step-by-step economic and political cooperation. In 1959, Ivory Coast formed the Council of the Entente with Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, and Togo; in 1965, the African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM); in 1972, the Economic Community of West Africa (CEAO). The latter organization changed to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. A founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963 and then of the African Union in 2000, Ivory Coast defends respect for state sovereignty and peaceful cooperation between African countries.

Worldwide, Ivorian diplomacy is committed to fair economic and trade relations, including the fair trade of agricultural products and the promotion of peaceful relations with all countries. Ivory Coast thus maintains diplomatic relations with international organizations and countries all around the world. In particular, it has signed United Nations treaties such as the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1967 Protocol, and the 1969 Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. Ivory Coast is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States, and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.

Ivory Coast has partnered with nations of the Sub-Saharan region to strengthen water and sanitation infrastructure. This has been done mainly with the help of organizations such as UNICEF and corporations like Nestle.^[57]

In 2015, the United Nations engineered the Sustainable Development Goals (replacing the Millennium Development Goals). They focus on health, education, poverty, hunger, climate change, water sanitation, and hygiene. A major focus was clean water and salinization. Experts working in these fields have designed the WASH concept. WASH focuses on safe drinkable water, hygiene, and proper sanitation. The group has had a major impact on the sub-Saharan region of Africa, particularly the Ivory Coast. By 2030, they plan to have universal and equal access to safe and affordable drinking water.^[79]

Military[edit]

As of 2012, major equipment items reported by the Ivory Coast Army included 10 T-55 tanks (marked as potentially unserviceable), five AMX-13 light tanks, 34 reconnaissance vehicles, 10 BMP-1/2 armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 41 wheeled APCs, and 36+ artillery pieces.^[80]

In 2012, the Ivory Coast Air Force consisted of one Mil Mi-24 attack helicopter and three SA330L Puma transports (marked as potentially unserviceable).^[81]

In 2017, Ivory Coast signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.^[82]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Since 2011, Ivory Coast has been administratively organised into 12 districts plus two district-level autonomous cities. The districts are sub-divided into 31 regions; the regions are divided into 108 departments; and the departments are divided into 510 sub-prefectures.^[83] In some instances, multiple villages are organised into communes. The autonomous districts are not divided into regions, but they do contain departments, sub-prefectures, and communes. Since 2011, governors for the 12 non-autonomous districts have not been appointed. As a result, these districts have not yet begun to function as governmental entities.

The following is the list of districts, district capitals and each district’s regions:

Largest cities[edit]

v t e Largest cities or towns in Ivory Coast According to the 2014 Census in Ivory Coast
	Rank	Name	District	Pop.
Abidjan	1	Abidjan	Abidjan	4,395,243
2	Bouaké	Vallée du Bandama	536,719
3	Daloa	Sassandra-Marahoué	245,360
4	Korhogo	Savanes	243,048
5	Yamoussoukro	Yamoussoukro	212,670
6	San-Pédro	Bas-Sassandra	164,944
7	Gagnoa	Gôh-Djiboua	160,465
8	Man	Montagnes	149,041
9	Divo	Gôh-Djiboua	105,397
10	Anyama	Abidjan	103,297

Geography[edit]

Ivory Coast is a country in western sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south. The country lies between latitudes 4° and 11°N, and longitudes 2° and 9°W. Around 64.8% of the land is agricultural land; arable land amounted to 9.1%, permanent pasture 41.5%, and permanent crops 14.2%. Water pollution is one of the biggest issues that the country is currently facing.^[2]

Biodiversity[edit]

There are over 1,200 animal species including 223 mammals, 702 birds, 125 reptiles, 38 amphibians, and 111 species of fish, alongside 4,700 plant species. It is the most biodiverse country in West Africa, with the majority of its wildlife population living in the nation’s rugged interior.^[86] The nation has nine national parks, the largest of which is Assgny National Park which occupies an area of around 17,000 hectares or 42,000 acres.^[87]

The country contains six terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean montane forests, Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.^[88] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.64/10, ranking it 143rd globally out of 172 countries.^[89]

Economy[edit]

Ivory Coast has, for the region, a relatively high income per capita (US$1,662 in 2017) and plays a key role in transit trade for neighbouring landlocked countries. The country is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40% of the monetary union’s total GDP. Ivory Coast is the fourth-largest exporter of general goods in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola).^[90]

The country is the world’s largest exporter of cocoa beans. In 2009, cocoa-bean farmers earned $2.53 billion for cocoa exports and were projected to produce 630,000 metric tons in 2013.^[91][92] Ivory Coast also has 100,000 rubber farmers who earned a total of $105 million in 2012.^[93][94]

Close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of agricultural exports, and encouragement of foreign investment have been factors in economic growth. In recent years, Ivory Coast has been subject to greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primary crops of coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for the grower, those exporting into foreign markets, and the labour force; instances of indentured labour have been reported in the country’s cocoa and coffee production in every edition of the U.S. Department of Labor’s List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor since 2009.^[95]

Ivory Coast’s economy has grown faster than that of most other African countries since independence. One possible reason for this might be taxes on exported agriculture. Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Kenya were exceptions as their rulers were themselves large cash-crop producers, and the newly independent countries desisted from imposing penal rates of taxation on exported agriculture. As such, their economies did well.^[96]

Around 7.5 million people made up the workforce in 2009. The workforce took a hit, especially in the private sector, during the early 2000s with numerous economic crises since 1999. Furthermore, these crises caused companies to close and move locations, especially in the tourism industry, and transit and banking companies. Decreasing job markets posed a huge issue as unemployment rates grew. Unemployment rates raised to 9.4% in 2012.^[97] Solutions proposed to decrease unemployment included diversifying jobs in small trade. This division of work encouraged farmers and the agricultural sector. Self-employment policy, established by the Ivorian government, allowed for very strong growth in the field with an increase of 142% in seven years from 1995.^[98]

Demographics[edit]

According to the December 14, 2021 census, the population was 29,389,150,^[3] up from 22,671,331 at the 2014 census.^[101] The first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.^[102] According to a Demographic and Health Surveys nationwide survey, the total fertility rate stood at 4.3 children per woman in 2021 (with 3.6 in urban areas and 5.3 in rural areas), down from 5.0 children per woman in 2012.^[103]

Languages[edit]

It is estimated that 78 languages are spoken in Ivory Coast.^[104] French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca. A semi-creolized form of French, known as Nouchi, has emerged in Abidjan in recent years and spread among the younger generation.^[105] One of the most common indigenous languages is Dyula, which acts as a trade language in much of the country, particularly in the north, and is mutually intelligible with other Manding languages widely spoken in neighboring countries.^[106]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Macroethnic groupings in the country include Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Kru-speaking peoples (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), and others (2.8%, including 100,000 Lebanese^[107] and 45,000 French; 2004). Each of these categories is subdivided into different ethnicities. For example, the Akan grouping includes the Baoulé, the Voltaique category includes the Senufo, the Northern Mande category includes the Dioula and the Maninka, the Kru category includes the Bété and the Kru, and the Southern Mande category includes the Yacouba.

About 77% of the population is considered Ivorian. Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the most successful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4  million) consists of workers from neighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso, and Guinea. About 4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Many are French,^[49] Lebanese,^[108][109] Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, as well as evangelical missionaries from the United States and Canada. In November 2004, around 10,000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.^[110] Aside from French nationals, native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country’s colonial period are present.

Religion[edit]

Ivory Coast is religiously diverse. According to the latest 2021 census data, adherents of Islam (mainly Sunni) represented 42.5% of the total population, while followers of Christianity (mainly Catholic and Evangelical) comprised 39.8% of the population. An additional 12.6% of the population identified as Irreligious, while 2.2% reported following Animism.^[1][2]

A 2020 estimate by the Pew Research Center, projected that Christians would represent 44% of the total population, while Muslims would represent 37.2% of the population. In addition, it estimated that 8.1% would be religiously unaffiliated, and 10.5% as followers of traditional African religions.^[111][2] In 2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of the population, while an estimated 25% of the population practised traditional (animist) religions.^[112]

Yamoussoukro is home to the largest church building in the world, the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.^[113]

Health[edit]

Life expectancy at birth was 42 for males in 2004; for females it was 47.^[114] Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 live births.^[114] Twelve physicians are available per 100,000 people.^[114] About a quarter of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.^[115] About 36% of women have undergone female genital mutilation.^[116] According to 2010 estimates, Ivory Coast has the 27th-highest maternal mortality rate in the world.^[117] The HIV/AIDS rate was 19th-highest in the world, estimated in 2012 at 3.20% among adults aged 15–49 years.^[118]

Education[edit]

Among sub-Saharan African countries, Ivory Coast has one of the highest literacy rates.^[2] According to The World Factbook as of 2019, 89.9% of the population aged 15 and over can read and write.^[119] A large part of the adult population, in particular women, is illiterate. Many children between 6 and 10 years old are not enrolled in school.^[120] The majority of students in secondary education are male. At the end of secondary education, students can sit for the baccalauréat examination. Universities include Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny in Abidjan and the Université Alassane Ouattara in Bouaké.

Science and technology[edit]

According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ivory Coast devotes about 0.13% of GDP to GERD. Apart from low investment, other challenges include inadequate scientific equipment, the fragmentation of research organizations and a failure to exploit and protect research results.^[121] Ivory Coast was ranked 114st in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 103rd in 2019.^{[122][123][124][125]} The share of the National Development Plan for 2012–2015 that is devoted to scientific research remains modest. Within the section on greater wealth creation and social equity (63.8% of the total budget for the Plan), just 1.2% is allocated to scientific research. Twenty-four national research programmes group public and private research and training institutions around a common research theme. These programmes correspond to eight priority sectors for 2012–2015, namely: health, raw materials, agriculture, culture, environment, governance, mining and energy; and technology.^[121]

Culture[edit]

Each of the ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast has its own music genres, most showing strong vocal polyphony. Talking drums are common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest. Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo, zouglou, and Coupé-Décalé. A few Ivorian artists who have known international success are Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat, AfroB, Serge Beynaud and Christina Goh, of Ivorian descent.

Sport[edit]

The most popular sport is association football. The national football team has played in the World Cup three times, in Germany 2006, in South Africa 2010, and Brazil in 2014. The women’s football team played in the 2015 Women’s World Cup in Canada. The country has been the host of several major African sporting events, with the most recent being the 2013 African Basketball Championship. In the past, the country hosted the 1984 African Cup of Nations, in which the Ivory Coast football team finished fifth, and the 1985 African Basketball Championship, where the national basketball team won the gold medal.

400m metre runner Gabriel Tiacoh won the silver medal in the men’s 400 metres at the 1984 Olympics. The country hosted the 8th edition of Jeux de la Francophonie in 2017. In the sport of athletics, well known participants include Marie-Josée Ta Lou and Murielle Ahouré.

Rugby union is popular, and the national rugby union team qualified to play at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa in 1995. Ivory Coast has won two Africa Cups: one in 1992 and the other in 2015. Ivory Coast is known for Taekwondo with well-known competitors such as Cheick Cissé, Ruth Gbagbi, and Firmin Zokou.

Cuisine[edit]

Traditional cuisine is very similar to that of neighbouring countries in West Africa in its reliance on grains and tubers. Cassava and plantains are significant parts of Ivorian cuisine. A type of corn paste called aitiu is used to prepare corn balls, and peanuts are widely used in many dishes. Attiéké is a popular side dish made with grated cassava, a vegetable-based couscous. Common street food is alloco, plantain fried in palm oil, spiced with steamed onions and chili, and eaten along with grilled fish or boiled eggs. Chicken is commonly consumed and has a unique flavor because of its lean, low-fat mass in this region. Seafood includes tuna, sardines, shrimp, and bonito, which is similar to tuna. Mafé is a common dish consisting of meat in peanut sauce.^[126]

Slow-simmered stews with various ingredients are another common food staple.^[126] Kedjenou is a dish consisting of chicken and vegetables slow-cooked in a sealed pot with little or no added liquid, which concentrates the flavors of the chicken and vegetables and tenderizes the chicken.^[126] It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slow fire, or cooked in an oven.^[126] Bangui is a local palm wine.

Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a maquis, which is unique to the region. A maquis normally features braised chicken, and fish covered in onions and tomatoes served with attiéké or kedjenou.

See also[edit]

• Index of Ivory Coast–related articles
• Outline of Ivory Coast

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Trade

• Ivory Coast 2012 Trade Summary

Всего найдено: 7

Здравствуйте!
В Интернете везде по-разному, а из примеров на вашем сайте не вполне понятно: склоняется ли название департамента Франции Кот-д‘Ор? Понятно, что со словом департамент не склоняется, а если отдельно? Из Кот-д‘Ор? или из Кот-д‘Ора? Заранее спасибо.
Евгения

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Это склоняемое слово, правильно: из Кот-д’Ора.

Доброе утро, уважаемая Грамота! Расскажите, пожалуйста, каковы функции апострофа в совр. рус. языке? (И в частности корректно ли, н-р, китайские и японские иероглифы в рус. транскрипции в косвенных падежах отделять апострофом? Н-р: Син’а.) (И еще: можно ли в слове «апостроф» делать ударение на втором слоге?)
С нетерпением жду ответ!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Апостроф (ударение в этом слове ставится на последнем слоге, вариант апостроф недопустим) в современном русском письме используется для передачи иностранных фамилий с начальными буквами Д и О; при этом воспроизводится написание языка-источника: д’Артаньян, Жанна д’Арк, О’Нил, О’Коннор; то же в географических наименованиях: Кот-д‘Ивуар.

Кроме этого, апострофом отделяются русские окончания и суффиксы от предшествующей части слова, передаваемой средствами иной графической системы (в частности, латиницей), например: c-moll’ная увертюра, пользоваться e-mail’ом. Если иноязычное слово передается кириллицей, апостроф не используется.

Следует также отметить, что после орфографической реформы 1917 – 1918 гг., упразднившей написание Ъ на конце слов, пишущие иногда избегали и употребления разделительного Ъ, хотя оно было регламентировано правилами правописания. В практике письма получило некоторое распространение употребление апострофа в функции Ъ: с’езд, об’ём, из’ятие и т. п. Однако такое употребление апострофа не соответствует современным нормам письма.

Здравствуйте. Скажите, пожалуйста, какого правильное написание названия страны Кот-д‘Ивуар (особо интересует правомерность использования апострофа) и города Шарм-эль-Шейх (появилось ли определённость или существует два равнозначных варианта). Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: Кот-д’Ивуар, Шарм-эш-Шейх.

Общероссийский классификатор стран мира: Кот д’Ивуар.
Словарь имён собственных: Кот-д‘Ивуар.
Как правильно?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правилен второй вариант c дефисом.

Здравствуйте!

Склоняется ли Кот-д‘Ивуар по падежам? Можно ли сказать, например, «я была в Кот-д‘Ивуаре?
Заранее благодарю.
Ольга.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, это название склоняется, Вы написали верно.

Как правильно пишется название страны: Республика Кит Д’Ивуар?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _Кот-д‘Ивуар_.

Есть такое государство — Тринидад и Тобаго.
Как называются жители этой страны?
Тринидадцы, тобажане, тринбагонианцы?
Или жители Кот Д’Ивуара?
Ивуарийцы, котдивуарийцы?
Есть ли какие-то правила при формировании таких слов?
Монегаски, манкунианцы, валлийцы, ливерпудлианцы — это корректные названия?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Жители Тринидада и Тобаго — _тринидадцы_. Жители Кот-д‘Ивуара — _ивуарийцы_ и _котдивуарцы_. _Монегаски, валлийцы_ — корректно, возможно также _монакцы_ и _уэльсцы_. О _манчестерцах_ и _манкунианцах_ см. подробно в http://spravka.gramota.ru/hardwords.html?no=109&_sf=80 [«Непростых словах»]. Аналогично: ливерпульцы — жители Ливерпуля, ливерпудлианцы — игроки футбольного клуба из этого города.
Русский язык не выработал единых и всеобъемлющих правил создания слов — названий жителей. Есть, конечно, некоторые общие закономерности, но многое определяется традицией, степенью распространенности самоназваний жителей, историческими особенностями и пр.

кот-д’ивуар

КОТ-Д’ИВУА́Р (Côte d’Ivoire), Рес­пуб­ли­ка Кот-д’Ивуар (République de Côte d’Ivoire).

Общие сведения

К.-д’И. – го­су­дар­ст­во на за­па­де Центр. Аф­ри­ки. На юге омы­ва­ет­ся Гви­ней­ским зал. Ат­лан­ти­че­ско­го ок. (дли­на бе­ре­го­вой ли­нии 515 км). Гра­ни­чит на се­ве­ре с Ма­ли и Бур­ки­на-Фа­со, на вос­то­ке с Га­ной, на за­па­де с Ли­бе­ри­ей и Гви­неей. Пл. 322,5 тыс. км². Нас. 20,8 млн. чел. (2008). Сто­ли­ца – Яму­сук­ро. Офиц. язык – фран­цуз­ский. Де­неж­ная еди­ни­ца – франк КФА. Адм.-терр. де­ле­ние: 19 об­лас­тей (табл.).

К.-д’И. – чл. ООН (1960), МВФ (1963), МБРР (1963), ВТО (1995), Афр. сою­за (1963, до 2002 ОАЕ).

Государственный строй

К.-д’И. – уни­тар­ное гос-во. Кон­сти­ту­ция при­ня­та 23.7.2000. Фор­ма прав­ле­ния – пре­зи­дент­ская рес­пуб­ли­ка.

Гла­ва гос-ва и ис­пол­нит. вла­сти – пре­зи­дент, из­би­рае­мый на все­об­щих вы­бо­рах на 5 лет (с пра­вом од­но­го пе­ре­из­бра­ния). Кан­ди­дат дол­жен быть стар­ше 40 лет, гражданином К.-д’И. и про­живать в стра­не не­пре­рыв­но в те­че­ние 5 лет до вы­бо­ров. Пре­зи­дент яв­ля­ет­ся Вер­хов­ным глав­но­ко­ман­дую­щим, на­зна­ча­ет пре­мьер-ми­ни­ст­ра, чле­нов пра­ви­тель­ст­ва и др. выс­ших долж­но­ст­ных лиц.

Выс­ший за­ко­но­дат. ор­ган – од­но­па­лат­ный пар­ла­мент (Нац. соб­ра­ние), из­би­рае­мый на­се­ле­ни­ем на 5 лет.

Пра­ви­тель­ст­во – Со­вет ми­ни­ст­ров, функ­цио­ни­ру­ет под ру­ко­во­дством пре­мьер-ми­ни­ст­ра.

В К.-д’И. су­ще­ст­ву­ет мно­го­пар­тий­ная сис­те­ма. Ве­ду­щие по­ли­тич. пар­тии: Иву­а­р­ский нар. фронт, Де­мо­кра­тич. пар­тия, Объ­е­ди­не­ние рес­пуб­ли­кан­цев.

Природа

Бе­ре­га Гви­ней­ско­го зал. сла­бо из­ре­за­ны, в зап. час­ти – ска­ли­стые, в вос­точ­ной – по­ло­гие, пес­ча­ные, с про­тя­жён­ной це­пью ла­гун (св. 300 км, круп­ней­шие – Эб­рие, Аби, Эхи), со­еди­нён­ных с мо­рем ис­кусств. ка­на­лом в рай­оне г. Абид­жан.

Рельеф

К.-д’И. рас­по­ло­жен в юж. час­ти Се­ве­ро-Гви­ней­ской воз­вы­шен­но­сти. В рель­е­фе тер­ри­то­рии стра­ны пре­об­ла­да­ют сла­бо­рас­чле­нён­ные рав­ни­ны выс. 200–500 м. Зап. часть за­ни­ма­ют цо­коль­ные де­ну­да­ци­он­ные плос­ко­го­рья и воз­вы­шен­но­сти. На край­нем за­па­де на тер­ри­то­рию К.-д’И. за­хо­дят от­ро­ги цо­коль­ных глы­бо­вых Лео­но-Ли­бе­рий­ских гор (мас­си­вы Дан, Ту­ра) выс. до 1752 м (го­ра Ним­ба, выс­шая точ­ка стра­ны). В вост. час­ти рас­про­стра­не­ны воз­вы­шен­ные де­ну­да­ци­он­ные рав­ни­ны, по­верх­ность ко­то­рых час­то ос­лож­не­на гра­нит­ны­ми ос­тан­ца­ми (т. н. ин­зель­бер­га­ми). Пе­ре­ход к ак­ку­му­ля­тив­ной при­мор­ской низ­мен­но­сти Гви­ней­ско­го зал. на юге К.-д’И. чёт­ко вы­ра­жен се­ри­ей по­ро­гов и во­до­па­дов.

Геологическое строение и полезные ископаемые

Тер­ри­то­рия К.-д’И. ло­ка­ли­зу­ет­ся в юго-вост. час­ти ран­не­до­кем­брий­ско­го За­пад­но-Аф­ри­кан­ско­го кра­то­на Аф­ри­кан­ской плат­фор­мы. На по­верх­ность вы­сту­па­ют ран­не­про­те­ро­зой­ские ме­та­мор­фи­зо­ван­ные вул­ка­но­ген­но-тер­ри­ген­ные по­ро­ды Бир­рим­ско­го поя­са вост. час­ти Лео­но-Ли­бе­рий­ско­го щи­та, про­рван­ные гра­ни­та­ми. На при­мор­ской низ­мен­но­сти Гви­ней­ско­го зал. за­ле­га­ют нео­ген-чет­вер­тич­ные мор­ские и ал­лю­ви­аль­ные осад­ки, пе­ре­кры­ваю­щие бо­лее древ­ние кар­бо­нат­но-тер­ри­ген­ные от­ло­же­ния.

Важ­ней­шие по­лез­ные ис­ко­пае­мые К.-д’И. – зо­ло­то (ме­сто­ро­ж­де­ния Ити, Ан­го­вия, Суб­ре и др.), нефть и при­род­ный го­рю­чий газ (шель­фо­вые ме­сто­рож­де­ния Бао­баб, Эс­пу­ар, Лай­он, Пан­тер). Име­ют­ся ме­сто­ро­ж­де­ния ал­ма­зов (ко­рен­ные и рос­сып­ные), руд мар­ган­ца, же­ле­за, ме­ди, ни­ке­ля, ко­баль­та, нио­бия и тан­та­ла, бок­си­тов, а так­же це­мент­но­го сы­рья, квар­це­вых пес­ков, глин, гра­вия, бу­то­во­го кам­ня и др.

Климат

В юж. час­ти стра­ны кли­мат эк­ва­то­ри­аль­ный, по­сто­ян­но-влаж­ный. На по­бе­ре­жье вы­па­да­ет от 1800 (Абид­жан) до 2300 (Та­бу) мм осад­ков в год, от­но­си­тель­ная влаж­ность воз­ду­ха в те­че­ние все­го го­да не опус­ка­ет­ся ни­же 75%. В вост. час­ти по­бе­ре­жья на­блю­да­ют­ся два пе­рио­да с макс. ко­ли­че­ст­вом осад­ков (март – июль и ок­тябрь – но­ябрь, св. 100 мм осад­ков в ме­сяц) и два от­но­си­тель­но су­хих пе­рио­да (де­кабрь – фев­раль и ав­густ – сен­тябрь). Мень­ше все­го до­ж­дей (ме­нее 50 мм) вы­па­да­ет в ян­ва­ре и фев­ра­ле. В зап. час­ти по­бе­ре­жья от­ме­ча­ет­ся один крат­ко­вре­мен­ный от­но­си­тель­но су­хой пе­ри­од в ян­ва­ре – фев­ра­ле (ме­нее 50 мм осад­ков), а в ос­таль­ные ме­ся­цы го­да (с мар­та по де­кабрь) вы­па­да­ет бо­лее 100 мм осад­ков еже­ме­сяч­но, са­мый дожд­ли­вый ме­сяц – июнь (бо­лее 500 мм). Го­до­вой ход темп-ры воз­ду­ха рав­но­мер­ный: ср. темп-ры са­мых жар­ких ме­ся­цев (март – ап­рель) 27–28 °С, са­мых про­хлад­ных (ав­густ – сен­тябрь) 24–25 °С.

Су­бэ­к­ва­то­ри­аль­ный кли­мат центр. и сев. час­тей стра­ны ха­рак­те­ри­зу­ет­ся мень­шей сум­мой осад­ков и чёт­ко вы­ра­жен­ным се­зон­ным ув­лаж­не­ни­ем. На рав­ни­нах вы­па­да­ет ок. 1100 мм осад­ков в год, на севе­ро-за­па­де, в пред­горь­ях Лео­но-Ли­бе­рий­ских гор, – 1300–1500 мм (на скло­нах го­ры Ним­ба – до 2200 мм). Про­дол­жи­тель­ность дожд­ли­во­го се­зо­на 7–8 мес (март – ок­тябрь), наи­боль­шее ко­ли­че­ст­во осад­ков вы­па­да­ет в ию­ле – сен­тяб­ре (бо­лее 150 мм в ме­сяц). Ср. темп-ры от 23–24 °С (де­кабрь – июль) до 28–29 °С (фев­раль – март). В гор­ных рай­онах се­ве­ро-за­па­да стра­ны кли­мат про­хлад­нее (на выс. 1500 мм сред­не­го­до­вые темп-ры 16–19 °С). В су­хой се­зон на тер­ри­то­рии К.-д’И. гос­под­ству­ет сев.-вост. су­хой ве­тер – хар­ма­тан.

Внутренние воды

Реч­ная сеть гус­тая, при­над­ле­жит гл. обр. бас­сей­ну Гви­ней­ско­го зал. Осн. ре­ки: Бан­да­ма (пл. бас­сей­на в пре­де­лах стра­ны 97 тыс. км², дли­на 1050 км), Ко­моэ (78 тыс. км², 1160 км), Са­сан­д­ра (75 тыс. км², 650 км), Ка­вал­ли (15 тыс. км², 700 км). Не­зна­чит. часть тер­ри­то­рии на се­ве­ре стра­ны (23,7 тыс. км²) от­но­сит­ся к бас­сей­ну р. Ни­гер (ре­ки Бау­ле, Ба­гоэ). Из-за поро­гов в сред­нем и ниж­нем те­че­нии боль­шин­ст­во рек не­су­до­ход­ны. Зна­чи­тель­ны ко­ле­ба­ния реч­но­го сто­ка по се­зо­нам. Реч­ные до­ли­ны вре­за­ны сла­бо, по­это­му ле­том в пе­ри­од до­ж­дей ре­гу­ляр­но слу­ча­ют­ся на­вод­не­ния. Для бе­ре­го­вой зо­ны ха­рак­тер­ны ин­тру­зии мор. вод (еже­год­ный объ­ём 0,74 км³). Соз­да­но неск. во­до­хра­ни­лищ: Ко­су на р. Бан­да­ма (пл. 1500 км²), Буйо на р. Са­сан­д­ра (пл. 900 км²), Ая­ме на р. Био (пл. 186 км²).

Еже­год­но во­зоб­нов­ляе­мые вод­ные ре­сур­сы со­став­ля­ют 81,14 км³, во­до­обес­пе­чен­ность – 4853 м³/чел. в год (2002). Б. ч. по­треб­ляе­мой во­ды (67%) идёт на ну­ж­ды с. х-ва (пл. оро­шае­мых зе­мель 72,8 тыс. га, 2003), 22% – на ком­му­наль­но-бы­то­вое во­до­снаб­же­ние, 11% по­треб­ля­ют пром. пред­при­ятия.

Почвы, растительный и животный мир

Рас­пре­де­ле­ние осн. ти­пов почв под­чи­ня­ет­ся ши­рот­но-зо­наль­ным за­ко­но­мер­но­стям. В лес­ной зо­не в зап. час­ти стра­ны в бас­сей­нах рек Ка­вал­ли и Са­сан­д­ра пре­об­ла­да­ют крас­но-жёл­тые и крас­ные фер­рал­лит­ные поч­вы. На вос­то­ке, на­ря­ду с крас­но-жёл­ты­ми поч­ва­ми, не­боль­шие уча­ст­ки за­ни­ма­ют жёл­тые фер­рал­лит­ные. На при­мор­ской ак­ку­му­ля­тив­ной низ­мен­но­сти сфор­ми­ро­ва­лись мар­ше­вые поч­вы. В зо­не ле­со­са­ванн раз­вит ком­плекс фер­рал­лит­ных почв и фер­ро­зё­мов. В центр. час­ти стра­ны в по­ни­же­ни­ях рас­про­стра­не­ны чёр­ные тро­пич. поч­вы. В зо­не са­ванн пре­об­ла­да­ют фер­ро­зё­мы; зна­чит. пло­щадь за­ни­ма­ют древ­ние (на по­верх­но­стях вы­рав­ни­ва­ния выс. 350–550 м) и мо­ло­дые (150–200 м) ос­тат­ки ла­те­рит­ных кор вы­вет­ри­ва­ния (ки­ра­сы). В до­ли­нах круп­ных рек – уча­ст­ки гид­ро­морф­ных ал­лю­ви­аль­ных почв.

В со­ста­ве фло­ры св. 3,5 тыс. ви­дов выс­ших рас­те­ний (из них св. 100 под уг­ро­зой ис­чез­но­ве­ния, св. 60 эн­де­мич­ны). В юж. рай­онах стра­ны пре­об­ла­дают по­сто­ян­но-влаж­ные веч­но­зе­лё­ные и по­лу­лис­то­пад­ные ле­са гви­ней­ской зо­ны. В веч­но­зе­лё­ных ле­сах ши­ро­ко пред­став­ле­ны дре­вес­ные по­ро­ды из сем. бо­бо­вых (пар­кия, пип­та­де­ния, эрит­роф­ле­ум и др.). В по­лу­лис­то­пад­ных ле­сах мно­го­чис­лен­ны по­ро­ды из се­мейств маль­вовых, стер­ку­лие­вых, вя­зо­вых и ту­то­вых. Для обо­их ти­пов ле­сов ха­рак­тер­ны де­ре­вья с цен­ной дре­ве­си­ной – эн­тан­д­роф­раг­ма и кайя. В совр. рас­тит. по­кро­ве ле­са за­ни­ма­ют 7,1 млн. га (2002), за вре­мя хо­зяйств. ос­вое­ния тер­ри­то­рии пло­щадь ле­сов су­ще­ст­вен­но умень­ши­лась и про­дол­жа­ет бы­ст­ро со­кра­щать­ся. Тем­пы обез­ле­се­ния в К.-д’И. – са­мые вы­со­кие в Аф­ри­ке и од­ни из са­мых вы­со­ких в ми­ре (до 7% в год). При­чи­ны обез­ле­се­ния: ле­со­за­го­тов­ки (в т. ч. не­ле­галь­ные), рас­ши­ре­ние план­та­ций ка­као, ко­фе и од­но­лет­них куль­тур (ку­ку­ру­за, рис, ма­ни­ок, ба­нан). На мес­те све­дён­ных веч­но­зе­лё­ных ле­сов пре­об­ла­да­ет бы­ст­ро­ра­сту­щая пио­нер­ная рас­ти­тель­ность (фун­ту­мия, хо­лар­ре­на).

К се­ве­ру от гви­ней­ской зо­ны при уве­ли­че­нии про­дол­жи­тель­но­сти су­хо­го се­зо­на до 3–4 мес ле­са сме­ня­ют­ся ле­со­са­ван­на­ми. Ти­пич­ные вы­со­ко­трав­ные са­ван­ны су­дан­ской зо­ны, за­ни­маю­щие ¹/₃ тер­рито­рии стра­ны, рас­про­стра­не­ны в сев. час­ти. Из дре­вес­ных по­род для са­ванн ха­рак­тер­ны пред­ста­ви­те­ли бо­бо­вых – бур­кея, аф­зе­лия, изо­бер­ли­ния, а так­же ком­бре­тум, ло­фи­ра и др. На­поч­вен­ный по­кров пред­став­лен зла­ка­ми из ро­дов па­ни­кум, ан­д­ро­по­гон, элио­ну­рус и др., че­ре­дую­щи­ми­ся с за­рос­ля­ми кус­тар­ни­ков из бау­хи­нии, ком­бре­ту­ма и гар­де­нии. По до­ли­нам рек в зо­не са­ванн да­ле­ко на се­вер за­хо­дят га­ле­рей­ные ле­са с пре­об­ла­да­ни­ем ци­но­мет­ры. На пе­рио­ди­че­ски за­то­п­ляе­мых уча­ст­ках реч­ных пойм пре­об­ла­да­ет ги­пар­ре­ния. В зо­не са­ванн ши­ро­ко раз­ви­то бо­гар­ное зем­ле­де­лие (ку­ку­ру­за, рис, ара­хис, хлоп­чат­ник), вы­ра­щи­ва­ют­ся мас­ля­ное де­ре­во (ка­ри­те), ман­го и др.

В го­рах сев.-зап. час­ти стра­ны вы­ра­же­на вы­сот­ная по­яс­ность. Ниж­ние час­ти скло­нов за­ня­ты веч­но­зе­лё­ны­ми эк­ва­то­ри­аль­ны­ми ле­са­ми (ло­фи­ра, хло­ро­фо­ра, тер­ми­на­лия и др.), на выс. 600–1600 м их сме­ня­ют эда­фич. са­ван­ны с га­ле­рей­ны­ми ле­са­ми. Вы­ше рас­по­ло­же­ны вы­со­ко­гор­ные лу­га с аф­ро­аль­пий­ской рас­ти­тель­но­стью и уча­ст­ки ре­лик­то­вых вы­со­ко­гор­ных ле­сов.

Жи­вот­ный мир бо­гат и свое­об­ра­зен. В со­ста­ве фау­ны 230 ви­дов мле­ко­пи­таю­щих (19 под уг­ро­зой ис­чез­но­ве­ния), св. 250 ви­дов гнез­дя­щих­ся птиц (12 под уг­ро­зой ис­чез­но­ве­ния), 125 ви­дов пре­смы­каю­щих­ся и ок. 40 ви­дов зем­но­вод­ных, в т. ч. жи­во­ро­дя­щая жа­ба. Осо­бен­но мно­го­чис­лен­ны и раз­но­об­раз­ны обезь­я­ны (св. 10 ви­дов при­ма­тов), сре­ди них – па­ви­ан ану­бис, мар­тыш­ки (диа­на, мо­на и т. д.), ко­ло­бу­сы, за­пад­ный под­вид шим­пан­зе, вне­сён­ный в Крас­ную кни­гу МСОП, а так­же пот­то и га­ла­го. Из­вест­но 28 ви­дов пар­но­ко­пыт­ных: бо­ро­да­воч­ник, кис­те­ухая сви­нья, эн­де­мич­ный для Зап. Аф­ри­ки кар­ли­ко­вый бе­ге­мот, раз­но­об­раз­ные по­ло­ро­гие (буш­бок, ду­ке­ры, бон­го, си­та­тун­га, ори­би, ло­ша­ди­ная ан­ти­ло­па, во­дя­ной и бо­лот­ный коз­лы, аф­ри­кан­ский буй­вол) и др. Св. 25 ви­дов хищ­ных, в т. ч. раз­но­об­раз­ные ви­вер­ро­вые (ге­не­ты, ци­ве­ты), сре­ди ред­ких ви­дов – ле­о­пард, зо­ло­тая аф­ри­кан­ская кош­ка, гие­но­вид­ная со­ба­ка. Для фау­ны К.-д’И. ха­рак­тер­ны так­же яще­ры и труб­ко­зуб. Не­ко­гда ши­ро­ко рас­про­стра­нён­ный на тер­ри­то­рии стра­ны аф­ри­кан­ский слон ны­не оби­та­ет пре­им. в пре­де­лах ох­ра­няе­мых тер­ри­то­рий. На тер­ри­то­рии ре­зер­ва­та Абу­куа­мек­ро ин­тро­ду­ци­ро­ван бе­лый но­со­рог. По­все­ме­ст­но мно­го птиц (фран­ко­ли­ны, ме­до­указ­чи­ки, ти­ме­лии, яс­т­ре­би­ные и др.), змей (пи­то­ны и др.). В ре­ках во­дят­ся кро­ко­ди­лы: ниль­ский, аф­ри­кан­ский уз­ко­ры­лый и ту­по­ры­лый. Рас­про­стра­не­на му­ха це­це. Ве­ли­ко раз­но­об­ра­зие их­тио­фау­ны при­бреж­ных вод (св. 250 ви­дов рыб).

Сис­те­ма ох­ра­няе­мых при­род­ных тер­ри­то­рий дос­та­точ­но ре­пре­зен­та­тив­на и ох­ва­ты­ва­ет ок. 17% пл. стра­ны. В спи­сок Все­мир­но­го на­сле­дия вклю­че­ны нац. пар­ки Ко­моэ (пл. 1,15 тыс. га, один из круп­ней­ших в Зап. Аф­ри­ке) и Таи (один из круп­ней­ших мас­си­вов ма­ло­на­ру­шен­ных влаж­ных веч­но­зе­лё­ных ле­сов), от­не­сён­ные так­же к био­сфер­ным ре­зер­ва­там ЮНЕСКО, транс­гра­нич­ный ре­зер­ват Мон-Ним­ба (К.-д’И., Гви­нея).

Население

По­дав­ляю­щее боль­шин­ст­во на­се­ле­ния К.-д’И. го­во­рит на ни­ге­ро-кон­го­лез­ских язы­ках: на юго-во­сто­ке стра­ны жи­вут на­ро­ды ква (31%), в т. ч. акан – 26% (бау­ле 16%, аньи 4,4%) и ла­гун­ные на­ро­ды; на се­ве­ро-во­сто­ке – гур (18,2%, в т. ч. мо­си 12%, ку­лан­го, ло­би, лиг­би и др.); на се­ве­ре – се­ну­фо (9,6%); на юго-за­па­де – кру (8,5%, в т. ч. бе­те 3,4%, ге­ре и во­бе 2,9%, ди­да, гре­бо, ньяб­ва, го­дье, кру­мен, аи­зи, бак­ве и др.) и др.; на западе, се­ве­ро-за­па­де и се­ве­ро-во­стоке – ман­де­языч­ные на­ро­ды (28,7%), в т. ч. ман­ден 19,4% (малинке 9,6%, бам­ба­ра 5%, дью­ла 2,4%, мау, во­ро­ду­гука и др.), юж­ные ман­де – 8,3% (дан 4,4%, гу­ро 2,6%, бен, ту­ра, му­ан, уан, яу­ре и др.), а так­же со­нин­ке, бо­зо, би­са и др. В го­ро­дах К.-д’И. жи­вут так­же фуль­бе (2,1%), хау­са (0,6%), йору­ба (0,5%), ара­бы (0,3%), фран­цу­зы, нем­цы, анг­ли­ча­не и др.

Со 2-й пол. 20 в. чис­лен­ность на­се­ле­ния стра­ны воз­рос­ла бо­лее чем в пять раз (3,9 млн. чел. в 1960; 20,8 млн. чел. в 2008); сред­не­го­до­вые тем­пы ес­теств. при­рос­та на­се­ле­ния сни­жа­ют­ся (2,2% в 2008; 4,4% в 1973–82). Ро­ж­дае­мость (32,7 на 1000 жит.; 2008) зна­чи­тель­но пре­вы­шает смерт­ность (11,2 на 1000 жит.). По­ка­за­тель фер­тиль­но­сти 4,2 ре­бён­ка на 1 жен­щи­ну; мла­ден­че­ская смерт­ность 69,8 на 1000 жи­во­ро­ж­дён­ных. В воз­раст­ной струк­ту­ре пре­об­ла­да­ет на­се­ле­ние тру­до­спо­соб­но­го воз­рас­та (15–64 го­да) – 56,3%, до­ля де­тей до 14 лет 40,9%, лиц 65 лет и стар­ше – 2,8%. Ср. воз­раст на­се­ле­ния 19 лет (2008). Ср. ожи­дае­мая про­дол­жи­тель­ность жиз­ни 54,6 го­да (муж­чи­ны – 53,9, жен­щи­ны – 55,4 го­да). Со­от­но­ше­ние муж­чин и жен­щин при­мер­но рав­ное. Саль­до внеш­них ми­гра­ций по­ло­жи­тель­ное, б. ч. тру­до­вых ми­гран­тов при­бы­ва­ет из со­сед­них стран (в осн. из Бур­ки­на-Фа­со, Ма­ли, Гви­неи). Ср. плот­ность нас. 64,5 чел./км² (2008; од­на из наи­бо­лее вы­со­ких в Тро­пич. Аф­ри­ке). Наи­бо­лее плот­но за­се­лён юг стра­ны (до 384 чел./км² в рай­оне Абид­жа­на, 106,2 чел./км² в обл. Фро­ма­же). В се­вер­ных, эко­но­ми­че­ски ме­нее раз­ви­тых рай­онах ср. плот­ность на­се­ления зна­чи­тель­но ни­же (14,6 чел./км² в обл. Ден­ге­ле). До­ля гор. на­се­ле­ния бы­ст­ро уве­ли­чи­ва­ет­ся за счёт по­сто­ян­но­го при­то­ка сель­ских жи­те­лей и им­ми­гран­тов (24% в 1965; 42% в 1985; св. 50% в 2008). Круп­ные го­ро­да (тыс. чел., 2008): Аби­джан (3900), Буа­ке (624,5), Да­лоа (234,7), Яму­сук­ро (227), Ко­ро­го (200,2), Сан-Пед­ро (160,2). В экономике занято 6,9 млн. чел., из них ок. 68% в с. х-ве (2007). Уро­вень без­ра­бо­ти­цы 40% (оцен­ка). За чер­той бед­но­сти про­жи­ва­ет 42% нас. стра­ны (2006).

Религия

Ок. 40% на­се­ле­ния (2006, оцен­ка) К.-д’И. – му­суль­ма­не-сун­ни­ты, ок. 28% – хри­стиа­не (в т. ч. ок. 19% – ка­то­ли­ки, ок. 6% – про­тес­тан­ты), ок. 30% – адеп­ты тра­диц. куль­тов. Име­ют­ся так­же при­вер­жен­цы аф­рох­ри­сти­ан­ских син­кре­ти­че­ских куль­тов (хар­ризм и др.), буд­ди­сты, ин­дуи­сты, ба­хаи­ты и др.

Дей­ст­ву­ют 4 ми­тро­по­лии и 11 дио­це­зов Рим­ско-ка­то­лич. церк­ви. Круп­ней­шая про­тес­тант­ская орг-ция – Объ­е­ди­нён­ная ме­то­ди­ст­ская цер­ковь К.-д’И. (ос­но­ва­на в 1924, са­мо­сто­ят. ста­тус с 1985). Пра­во­слав­ные при­хо­ды на­хо­дят­ся в юрис­дик­ци­и Алек­сан­д­рий­ской пра­во­слав­ной церк­ви.

Исторический очерк

Кот-д’Ивуар до обретения независимости

Ар­хео­ло­гич. на­ход­ки (т. н. не­о­ли­тич. мас­тер­ские по бе­ре­гам рек) сви­де­тель­ст­ву­ют о за­се­ле­нии тер­ри­то­рии К.-д’И. в ка­мен­ном ве­ке. В 3–2-м тыс. до н. э. в зо­не са­ван­ны, а за­тем в лес­ной зо­не на­ча­лось раз­ви­тие зем­ле­де­лия; в 1-м тыс. н. э. ши­ро­кое рас­про­стра­не­ние по­лу­чи­ли же­ле­зо­де­лат. про­из-во, гон­чар­ное ре­мес­ло, тка­че­ст­во, до­бы­ча зо­ло­та. В нач. 2-го тыс. здесь рас­се­ли­лись при­шед­шие с се­ве­ро-за­па­да на­ро­ды се­ну­фо; ос­но­ван­ный ими г. Конг стал од­ним из круп­ней­ших в Зап. Аф­ри­ке цен­тров ка­ра­ван­ной тор­гов­ли. В 15–16 вв. се­ну­фо бы­ли от­тес­не­ны на се­ве­ро-за­пад ман­де­языч­ны­ми на­ро­да­ми (ма­лин­ке, дью­ла и др.), соз­дав­ши­ми в нач. 18 в. гос. об­ра­зо­ва­ние с цен­тром в Кон­ге. В 15 в. в ме­ж­ду­ре­чье рек Ка­моэ и Чёр­ная Воль­та сло­жи­лось гос-во на­ро­да аб­рон – Бо­но; на за­па­де от ре­ки Бан­да­ма – ран­не­го­су­дарств. об­ра­зо­ва­ние анья и бау­ле. Сев. часть тер­ри­то­рии К.-д’И. вхо­ди­ла в сфе­ру влия­ния го­су­дарств Зап. Су­да­на – Га­ны, Ма­ли и Сон­гая.

В кон. 15 в. на по­бе­ре­жье Гви­ней­ско­го зал. ста­ли про­ни­кать ев­ро­пей­цы, гл. обр. пор­ту­галь­цы, вы­во­зив­шие от­сю­да сло­но­вую кость (назв. стра­ны – К.-д’И. в пе­ре­во­де с франц. яз. оз­на­ча­ет Бе­рег Сло­но­вой Кос­ти, БСК), зо­ло­то и ра­бов. На­ча­ло ко­ло­ни­за­ции К.-д’И. по­ло­жи­ли в 1637 франц. мис­сио­не­ры. В 1840-х гг. фран­цу­зы за­кре­пи­лись на по­бе­ре­жье К.-д’И., в 1880-х гг. на­ча­лось их про­дви­же­ние в глубь стра­ны. В 1887–89 Фран­ция на­вя­за­ла ряд т. н. со­юз­нич. до­го­во­ров пра­ви­те­лям афр. го­су­дарств и во­ж­дям пле­мён. В 1892 по фран­ко-ли­бе­рий­ской кон­вен­ции бы­ли оп­ре­де­ле­ны гра­ни­цы франц. вла­де­ний и Ли­бе­рии (впо­след­ст­вии ре­ше­ния кон­вен­ции не­од­но­крат­но пе­ре­смат­ри­ва­лись в поль­зу Фран­ции), в 1893 по фран­ко-брит. кон­вен­ции – гра­ни­цы с брит. ко­ло­ни­ей Зо­ло­той Бе­рег.

В 1893 БСК был объ­яв­лен ко­ло­ни­ей Фран­ции (до это­го за­хва­чен­ные фран­цу­за­ми тер­ри­то­рии ад­ми­ни­ст­ра­тив­но вхо­ди­ли в со­став ко­ло­нии Се­не­гал), в 1895 вклю­чён в со­став Фран­цуз­ской За­пад­ной Аф­ри­ки. Гл. от­рас­лью ко­ло­ни­аль­ной эко­но­ми­ки БСК ста­ла гор­но­до­бы­ваю­щая пром-сть (до­бы­ча зо­ло­та, ал­ма­зов, мар­ган­це­вой ру­ды), а так­же раз­ра­бот­ка лес­ных бо­гатств; по­лу­чи­ло раз­ви­тие план­тац. хо­зяй­ст­во, куль­ти­ви­ро­ва­лись экс­порт­ные куль­ту­ры – ка­као, ко­фе, ба­на­ны.

В кон. 1930-х гг. в БСК воз­ник­ли проф­сою­зы и об­ществ. ор­га­ни­за­ции аф­ри­кан­цев, вы­сту­пав­шие с тре­бо­ва­ния­ми пре­дос­тав­ле­ния им по­ли­тич. прав. В окт. 1946 БСК по­лу­чил ста­тус за­мор­ской тер­ри­то­рии Фран­ции (в рам­ках Франц. Со­об­ще­ст­ва); часть на­се­ле­ния БСК ста­ла уча­ст­во­вать в вы­бо­рах пред­ста­ви­те­лей во франц. пар­ла­мент, а так­же в ге­не­раль­ный со­вет тер­ри­то­рии, на­де­лён­ный со­ве­щат. функ­ция­ми (в 1952 пре­об­ра­зо­ван в тер­ри­то­ри­аль­ную пред­ста­вит. ас­самб­лею, в 1958 – в уч­ре­дит. ас­самб­лею). В 1946 соз­да­на пер­вая пар­тия афр. на­се­ле­ния – Де­мо­кра­тич. пар­тия (ДП; тер­ри­то­ри­аль­ная сек­ция Аф­ри­кан­ско­го де­мо­кра­ти­че­ско­го объ­е­ди­не­ния) во гла­ве с Д. Ф. Уфуэ-Бу­а­ньи. Со­глас­но за­ко­ну 1956, в раз­ра­бот­ке ко­то­ро­го при­ни­мал уча­стие Уфуэ-Бу­а­ньи, вво­ди­лось все­об­щее из­би­рат. пра­во, уп­разд­ня­лось де­ле­ние из­би­ра­те­лей на две ку­рии (аф­ри­кан­скую и ев­ро­пей­скую), рас­ши­ря­лись пра­ва тер­ри­то­ри­аль­ной за­ко­но­дат. ас­самб­леи. По ре­зуль­та­там ре­фе­рен­ду­ма, со­сто­яв­ше­го­ся 28.9.1958, БСК по­лу­чил ста­тус гос-ва – чле­на Франц. Со­об­ще­ст­ва. Бы­ло сфор­ми­ро­ва­но пра­ви­тель­ст­во, его пред­се­да­те­лем стал Уфуэ-Бу­а­ньи.

Кот-д’Ивуар с 1960

Рес­пуб­ли­ка К.-д’И. бы­ла про­воз­гла­ше­на 7.8.1960. Она вы­шла из со­ста­ва Франц. Со­об­щест­ва, но со­хра­ни­ла тес­ные свя­зи с быв. мет­ро­по­ли­ей (в 1961 пра­ви­тель­ст­во К.-д’И. за­клю­чи­ло с Фран­ци­ей ряд со­гла­ше­ний об эко­но­мич. и во­ен. со­труд­ни­че­ст­ве). В но­яб. 1960 бы­ла при­ня­та кон­сти­ту­ция стра­ны. Фор­маль­но она не за­пре­ща­ла дея­тель­ность оп­по­зиц. по­ли­тич. пар­тий, од­на­ко фак­ти­че­ски един­ст­вен­ной пар­ти­ей К.-д’И. при­зна­ва­лась ДП, под кон­троль ко­то­рой бы­ли по­став­ле­ны все проф­со­юз­ные и об­ществ. ор­га­ни­за­ции. В но­яб. 1960 ДП одер­жа­ла по­бе­ду на вы­бо­рах в Нац. со­б­ра­ние, то­гда же Д. Ф. Уфуэ-Бу­а­ньи был из­бран пре­зи­ден­том рес­пуб­ли­ки. По­сле­дую­щие пре­зи­дент­ские и пар­ла­мент­ские вы­бо­ры так­же про­хо­ди­ли на без­аль­тер­на­тив­ной ос­но­ве. Пра­ви­тель­ст­во про­во­ди­ло ли­бе­раль­ную эко­но­мич. по­ли­ти­ку; был взят курс на при­вле­че­ние иностр. ка­пи­та­ла, раз­ви­тие ча­ст­но­го пред­при­ни­ма­тель­ст­ва. В 1960–80-х гг. тем­пы эко­номич. рос­та бы­ли очень вы­со­ки­ми (за счёт ис­поль­зо­ва­ния средств, по­лу­чае­мых от экс­пор­та ко­фе и ка­као-бо­бов), что во мно­гом спо­соб­ство­ва­ло под­дер­жа­нию внут­ри­по­ли­тич. ста­биль­но­сти в рес­пуб­ли­ке.

В 1980-х гг. вслед­ст­вие па­де­ния ми­ро­вых цен на ко­фе и ка­као-бо­бы эко­но­ми­ка стра­ны всту­пи­ла в за­тяж­ной кри­зис. Ин­фля­ция, мас­со­вая без­ра­бо­ти­ца и рез­кое па­де­ние уров­ня жиз­ни на­се­ле­ния ста­ли при­чи­ной рос­та ан­ти­пра­ви­тельств. на­строе­ний. В мае 1990 Д. Ф. Уфуэ-Бу­а­ньи ле­га­ли­зо­вал дея­тель­ность оп­по­зиц. по­ли­тич. пар­тий и ор­га­ни­за­ций. На пре­зи­дент­ских вы­бо­рах 28.10.1990 он одер­жал по­бе­ду над кан­ди­да­том от оп­по­зи­ции Л. К. Гбаг­бо.

В пред­две­рии пре­зи­дент­ских вы­бо­ров 1995 Нац. со­б­ра­ние К.-д’И. при­ня­ло по­прав­ку к кон­сти­ту­ции, со­глас­но ко­то­рой бал­ло­ти­ро­вать­ся на пре­зи­дент­ский пост мог толь­ко тот, кто имел ро­ди­те­лей-ивуа­р­цев (одного или обоих). Эта по­прав­ка ли­ши­ла ли­де­ра оп­по­зиц. пар­тии Объ­е­ди­не­ние рес­пуб­ли­кан­цев (ос­но­ва­на в 1994 в ре­зуль­та­те рас­ко­ла ДП) А. Д. Уат­та­ру, бур­ки­ний­ца по про­ис­хо­ж­де­нию, воз­мож­но­сти уча­ст­во­вать в вы­бо­рах. 22.10.1995 пре­зи­ден­том из­бран пред­ста­ви­тель ДП Э. А. К. Бе­дье (др. кан­ди­да­ты бой­ко­ти­ро­ва­ли вы­бо­ры).

Пе­ри­од на­хо­ж­де­ния Бе­дье на пре­зи­дент­ском по­сту был от­ме­чен даль­ней­шей дес­та­би­ли­за­ци­ей внут­ри­по­ли­тич. об­ста­нов­ки, вы­зван­ной в т. ч. дис­кри­ми­нац. по­ли­ти­кой пра­ви­тель­ст­ва по от­но­ше­нию к им­ми­гран­там (око­ло чет­вер­ти на­се­ле­ния К.-д’И. со­став­ля­ют вы­ход­цы из др. стран, гл. обр. из Бур­ки­на-Фа­со, Бе­нина, Га­ны, Гви­неи). В 1999 на­ка­ну­не но­вых пре­зи­дент­ских вы­бо­ров в сто­ли­це и др. го­ро­дах стра­ны про­шли мас­со­вые де­мон­ст­ра­ции в под­держ­ку А. Д. Уат­та­ры. Вос­поль­зо­вав­шись си­туа­ци­ей, во­ен­ные во гла­ве с от­став­ным ген. Р. Гюэ­ем со­вер­ши­ли гос. пе­ре­во­рот. Бы­ло объ­яв­ле­но о при­ос­та­нов­ле­нии дей­ст­вия кон­сти­ту­ции, сме­ще­нии пре­зи­ден­та, рос­пус­ке пра­ви­тель­ст­ва и пар­ла­мен­та. Власть пе­ре­шла к Нац. к-ту об­ществ. спа­се­ния. В янв. 2000 сфор­ми­ро­ва­но пе­ре­ход­ное пра­ви­тель­ст­во, в ко­то­ром Гю­эй за­нял пост пре­зи­ден­та рес­пуб­ли­ки и мин. обо­ро­ны.

23.7.2000 на ре­фе­рен­ду­ме бы­ла одоб­ре­на но­вая Кон­сти­ту­ция К.-д’И. (всту­пи­ла в си­лу 1.8.2000); ста­тья о тре­бо­ва­ни­ях к кан­ди­да­ту в пре­зи­ден­ты ос­та­лась без из­ме­не­ний. Пре­зи­дент­ские вы­бо­ры 22.10.2000 за­вер­ши­лись по­бе­дой ли­де­ра Ивуа­р­ско­го нар. фрон­та (ИНФ; соз­дан в 1983 во Фран­ции) Л. К. Гбаг­бо. По ре­зуль­та­там пар­ла­мент­ских вы­бо­ров (10.12.2000–14.1.2001) ИНФ и ДП по­лу­чи­ли при­мер­но рав­ное ко­ли­че­ст­во мест. Вы­бо­ры не при­ве­ли к нор­ма­ли­за­ции об­ста­нов­ки в стра­не. 19.9.2002 во­ен­ные за­хва­ти­ли власть в го­ро­дах Аби­джан, Буа­ке и Ко­ро­го. Мя­теж уда­лось по­да­вить, од­на­ко пов­станч. груп­пи­ров­ки взя­ли под кон­троль все се­вер­ные, а так­же часть центр. и зап. рай­онов. На­ча­лись столк­но­ве­ния на эт­нич. поч­ве (ме­ж­ду ивуа­р­ца­ми и им­ми­гран­та­ми, а так­же ме­ж­ду пред­ста­ви­те­ля­ми разл. на­ро­дов).

В мар­те 2003 сфор­ми­ро­ва­но коа­лиц. пра­ви­тель­ст­во нац. при­ми­ре­ния, в ко­то­рое во­шли чле­ны ИНФ, ДП, пов­станч. ор­га­ни­за­ций и Объ­е­ди­не­ния рес­пуб­ли­кан­цев. Од­на­ко уже че­рез год ми­ни­ст­ры, пред­став­ляв­шие оп­по­зи­цию, объ­яви­ли о бой­ко­те ра­бо­ты пра­ви­тель­ст­ва в свя­зи с раз­го­ном ма­ни­фе­ста­ций си­ла­ми безо­пас­но­сти К.-д’И. (по­гиб­ло св. 100 чел.). В на­ча­ле апр. 2004 для ока­за­ния по­мо­щи пра­ви­тель­ст­ву в уре­гу­ли­ро­ва­нии кон­флик­та в стра­не бы­ли на­прав­ле­ны во­ен. под­раз­де­ле­ния ООН.

Ле­том 2004 в г. Ак­кра (Га­на) со­сто­ял­ся сам­мит глав 13 афр. го­су­дарств, на ко­то­ром ме­ж­ду пра­ви­тель­ст­вом К.-д’И. и пов­стан­ца­ми бы­ло дос­тиг­ну­то со­гла­ше­ние об уре­гу­ли­ро­ва­нии внутр. кон­флик­та. Од­на­ко си­туа­ция по-преж­не­му ос­та­ва­лась не­ста­биль­ной, по­сколь­ку про­ти­во­бор­ст­вую­щие сто­ро­ны от­ка­за­лись ра­зо­ру­жать­ся. В этих ус­ло­ви­ях Л. К. Гбаг­бо при­нял ре­ше­ние о пе­ре­но­се на бо­лее позд­ний срок пре­зи­дент­ских вы­бо­ров, ко­то­рые пер­во­на­чаль­но пла­ни­ро­ва­лось про­вес­ти в 2005 (в даль­ней­шем они ещё неск. раз от­кла­ды­ва­лись). В на­ча­ле мар­та 2007 в сто­ли­це Бур­ки­на-Фа­со – г. Уа­га­ду­гу за­вер­ши­лись пе­ре­го­во­ры ме­ж­ду Гбаг­бо и ли­де­ром ивуа­р­ских оп­по­зиц. сил Г. К. Со­ро. Сто­ро­ны под­пи­са­ли со­гла­ше­ние, пре­ду­смат­ри­ваю­щее соз­да­ние но­во­го пе­ре­ход­но­го пра­ви­тель­ст­ва стра­ны во гла­ве с Со­ро (сфор­ми­ро­ва­но 7.4.2007). Пе­ред пра­ви­тель­ст­вом К.-д’И. сто­ят за­да­чи по ра­зо­ру­же­нию пов­станч. от­ря­дов, вос­ста­нов­ле­нию раз­ру­шен­ной ин­фра­струк­ту­ры, уре­гу­ли­ро­ва­нию ме­жэт­нич. про­ти­во­ре­чий, а так­же по обес­пе­че­нию про­ве­де­ния пре­зи­дент­ских и пар­ла­мент­ских вы­бо­ров.

Ди­пло­ма­тич. от­но­ше­ния ме­ж­ду СССР и К.-д’И. ус­та­нов­ле­ны в 1967 (пре­рва­ны пра­ви­тель­ст­вом К.-д’И. в 1969, вос­ста­нов­ле­ны в 1986). То­ва­ро­обо­рот ме­ж­ду дву­мя стра­на­ми со­став­ля­ет 153,2 млн. долл. США (2004). РФ по­сле­до­ва­тель­но вы­сту­па­ет за по­ли­тич. уре­гу­ли­ро­ва­ние кон­флик­та в Кот-д’Ивуаре.

Хозяйство

Ос­но­ва эко­но­ми­ки К.-д’И. – с. х-во. С нач. 2000-х гг. эко­но­мич. по­ло­же­ние ос­лож­ни­лось из-за внут­ри­по­ли­тич. не­ста­биль­но­сти. С 2004 пре­кра­ще­но кре­ди­то­ва­ние К.-д’И. Все­мир­ным бан­ком. Пер­спек­ти­вы раз­ви­тия стра­ны свя­за­ны с ди­вер­си­фи­ка­ци­ей эко­но­ми­ки, по­вы­ше­ни­ем ро­ли ча­ст­но­го сек­то­ра, при­вле­че­ни­ем иностр. ин­ве­сти­ций, пре­одо­ле­ни­ем бед­но­сти.

Объ­ём ВВП 33,1 млрд. долл. (по па­ри­те­ту по­ку­па­тель­ной спо­соб­но­сти; 2007); в рас­чё­те на ду­шу на­се­ле­ния 1,7 тыс. долл. Ин­декс че­ло­ве­че­ско­го раз­ви­тия 0,432 (2005; 166-е ме­сто сре­ди 177 стран ми­ра). При­рост ре­аль­но­го ВВП 1,6% (2007; 11% в 1960-х гг., 6% в 1970-х – нач. 1980-х гг., 5% в кон. 1990-х гг.). В струк­ту­ре ВВП на до­лю сфе­ры ус­луг при­хо­дит­ся 50%, с. х-ва – 28%, пром-сти – 22%.

Промышленность

Важ­ную роль иг­ра­ет до­бы­ча уг­ле­во­до­ро­дов в вост. час­ти шель­фа Гви­ней­ско­го зал. Об­щий объ­ём до­бы­чи неф­ти (на­ча­та в 1980) 52 тыс. барр./сут (2007; 15 тыс. барр./сут в 2002). Круп­ней­шие ме­сто­рож­де­ния (2007): Эс­пу­ар (28,1 тыс. барр./сут), Бао­баб (21,1 тыс. барр./сут), Лай­он (1,9 тыс. барр./сут). До­бы­ча ве­дёт­ся гл. обр. под кон­тролем гос. ком­па­нии «So­ciété Nationale d’Opera­tions Pétrolières de la Côte d’Ivoire» («Pet­roci»). Ок. 60% неф­ти экс­пор­ти­ру­ет­ся, из них ²/₃ – в стра­ны Зап. Ев­ро­пы (гл. обр. в Гер­ма­нию) и в Ка­на­ду.

До­бы­ча при­род­но­го га­за ве­дёт­ся с нач. 1990-х гг. (16 млрд. м³ в 2002; 22 млрд. м³ в 2006). Ве­ду­щие ком­па­нии: «Foxtrot International», «Petroci», «Energy de Côte d’Ivoire» и др. Весь газ ис­пользу­ет­ся внут­ри стра­ны (осн. по­тре­би­тель – элек­тро­энер­ге­ти­ка).

По­треб­но­сти в элек­тро­энер­гии пол­но­стью по­кры­ва­ют­ся за счёт собств. то­п­лив­ных ре­сур­сов. Ус­та­нов­лен­ная мощ­ность элек­тро­стан­ций 1,1 тыс. МВт (2005). Про­из-во элек­тро­энер­гии 5,3 млрд. кВт· ч, экспорт – 1,1 млрд. кВт·ч (2006). Б. ч. вы­ра­ба­ты­вае­мой энер­гии про­из­во­дит­ся на ТЭС (ра­бо­та­ют на при­род­ном га­зе). Круп­ней­шая ТЭС – «Azi­to» в рай­оне Абид­жа­на (1999; ус­та­нов­лен­ная мощ­ность 288 МВт, св. ¹/₃ вы­раба­ты­вае­мой элек­тро­энер­гии). Ок. ¹/₅ элек­тро­энер­гии про­из­во­дит­ся на ГЭС; важ­ней­шие – «Ayame I» и «Ayame II» на р. Био, «Kossou» и «Taabo» на р. Бан­да­ма, «Buyo» на р. Са­сан­д­ра.

Един­ст­вен­ный в стра­не НПЗ ком­па­нии «Société Ivoirienne de Raffinage» (SIR) рас­по­ло­жен в Абид­жа­не (мощ­ность 65 тыс. барр./сут; 47,3% ак­ций при­над­ле­жат гос-ву). Стро­ит­ся (с 2008, ввод в экс­плуа­та­цию в 2011) вто­рой НПЗ в рай­оне Абид­жа­на (мощ­ность 60 тыс. барр./сут). Экс­порт неф­те­про­дук­тов в Ма­ли, Бур­ки­на-Фа­со, Ни­гер.

Ве­дёт­ся до­бы­ча зо­ло­та (1,3 т в 2006, 3,6 т в 2002; ме­сто­рож­де­ния Ити и Суб­ре; круп­ней­шие ком­па­нии – франц. «La Man­cha Resources Inc.» и гос. «Société pour le Développement Minier en Côte d’Ivoire»), ал­ма­зов (300 тыс. кар в 2006; рай­оны Тор­тия и Се­ге­ла на се­ве­ре и за­па­де стра­ны).

Дей­ст­ву­ют не­боль­шие ме­тал­лур­гич. и ме­тал­ло­об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щие пред­при­ятия (про­из-во сталь­но­го лис­та из им­порт­ных за­го­то­вок, ме­тал­лич. кро­вель­ных ма­те­риа­лов, ар­ма­ту­ры, труб, про­во­ло­ки и др. в Абид­жа­не), за­во­ды по сбор­ке ав­то­мо­би­лей, мо­то­цик­лов, ве­ло­си­пе­дов и бы­то­вых элек­тро­тех­нич. из­де­лий (Аби­д­жан), мно­го­числ. хи­мич. пред­при­ятия (про­из-во ла­ко­кра­соч­ных из­де­лий и пла­ст­масс, пар­фю­мер­но-кос­ме­тич. про­дук­ции, бы­то­вой хи­мии, удоб­ре­ний, пес­ти­ци­дов и др.), за­вод по про­из-ву цел­лю­ло­зы (Сан-Пед­ро; ок. 200 тыс. т цел­лю­ло­зы в год), два тек­стиль­ных ком­би­на­та (Буа­ке и Дим­бок­ро; в осн. хлоп­ча­то­бу­маж­ные тка­ни из ме­ст­но­го хлоп­ка и в не­зна­чит. ко­ли­че­ст­ве – син­те­тич. тка­ни из им­порт­но­го сы­рья). Име­ют­ся неск. не­боль­ших ко­же­вен­но-обув­ных пред­при­ятий, спи­чеч­ная фаб­ри­ка (60–100 млн. ко­ро­бок в год), су­до­строи­тель­ные и су­до­ре­монт­ные вер­фи (в Абид­жа­не). Бы­ст­ро раз­ви­ва­ют­ся ле­со­за­го­то­ви­тель­ная и де­ре­во­об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щая от­рас­ли (ок. 600 тыс. м³ пи­ло­ма­те­риа­лов в год); б. ч. пред­при­ятий со­сре­до­то­че­на в юж. рай­онах стра­ны. За­мет­ную роль в эко­но­ми­ке иг­ра­ет про­из-во строй­ма­те­риа­лов. Ве­дёт­ся до­бы­ча пес­ка, гра­вия, из­вест­ня­ка, др. стро­ит. сы­рья. Дейст­ву­ет ке­ра­мич. за­вод в Абид­жа­не. Важ­ное зна­че­ние име­ет пи­ще­вая пром-сть. Осн. про­дук­ция мно­го­числ. не­боль­ших пред­при­ятий – паль­мо­вое мас­ло, мас­ло ка­као, рас­тво­ри­мый ко­фе, кон­сер­ви­ро­ван­ные ана­на­сы и фрук­то­вые со­ки, рыб­ные кон­сер­вы. Круп­ные му­ко­моль­ные и хле­бо­пе­кар­ные ком­би­на­ты – в Абид­жа­не и Сан-Пед­ро.

Сельское хозяйство

Ве­ду­щая от­расль – рас­те­ние­вод­ст­во. На­ря­ду с совр. аг­ро­тех­нич. ме­то­да­ми (осо­бен­но в план­тац. хо­зяй­ст­вах), прак­ти­ку­ет­ся сис­те­ма пе­ре­лож­но­го зем­ле­де­лия. Об­ра­ба­ты­ва­ет­ся 10% тер­ри­то­рии стра­ны (по­сто­ян­но ок. 4%), из них ок. ¹/₂ при­хо­дит­ся на по­сад­ки ка­као. По про­из-ву ка­као-бо­бов К.-д’И. за­ни­ма­ет 1-е ме­сто в ми­ре (св. 1 млн. т в 2005; в ср. ок. 46% ми­ро­во­го про­из-ва; 15% стои­мо­сти ВВП). Экс­порт­ное зна­че­ние име­ют так­же ко­фе (сбор 130,8 тыс. т зе­лё­ных зё­рен в 2005; 11-е ме­сто в ми­ре, пре­им. сорт ро­бу­ста, ок. 5% – ара­би­ка), ара­хис (72,5 тыс. т); оре­хи ке­шью (59 тыс. т; 7-е ме­сто в ми­ре), ба­на­ны (36,1 тыс. т), ана­на­сы (34,8 тыс. т; 18-е ме­сто в ми­ре), са­хар­ный тро­ст­ник (22,8 тыс. т), ко­ко­со­вые оре­хи, аво­ка­до, ман­го, хлоп­чат­ник. Зна­чит. пло­ща­ди за­ня­ты под план­та­ция­ми мас­лич­ной паль­мы (куль­ти­ви­ру­ют для про­из-ва паль­мо­во­го мас­ла), под по­сад­ка­ми ге­веи. К.-д’И. – круп­ней­ший в Аф­ри­ке про­из­во­ди­тель на­ту­раль­но­го кау­чу­ка (72,4 тыс. т в 2005; 8-е ме­сто в ми­ре). Важ­ней­шие про­до­вольств. куль­ту­ры (сбор, тыс. т; 2005): ямс 605, план­тейн 299, рис 245, ма­ни­ок 108, ку­ку­ру­за 106. Жи­вот­но­вод­ст­во раз­ви­то в осн. в сев. рай­онах, в центр. и юж. рай­онах но­сит оча­го­вый ха­рак­тер. В по­го­ло­вье (тыс. го­лов; 2005) пре­об­ла­да­ют ко­зы и ов­цы – 2700; круп­ный ро­га­тый скот 1500, сви­ньи 333.

Од­на из пер­спек­тив­ных от­рас­лей – ры­бо­лов­ст­во. Еже­год­ный улов ок. 70 тыс. т (в осн. ту­нец и сар­ди­ны).

Транспорт

К.-д’И. име­ет раз­ветв­лён­ную до­рож­ную сеть, её плот­ность осо­бен­но ве­ли­ка в юж. рай­онах. Про­тя­жён­ность ав­то­до­рог 80 тыс. км, в т. ч. 6,5 тыс. км с твёр­дым по­кры­ти­ем (2006). Ав­то­транс­порт обес­пе­чи­ва­ет дос­тав­ку прак­ти­че­ски всей экс­порт­ной про­дук­ции к пунк­там вы­во­за на по­бе­ре­жье и транс­пор­ти­ров­ку им­порт­ных гру­зов в разл. рай­оны стра­ны. Ав­то­до­ро­га­ми, про­ле­гаю­щи­ми по по­бе­ре­жью Гви­ней­ско­го зал., К.-д’И. свя­зан с Га­ной, То­го, Бе­ни­ном, Ка­ме­ру­ном, Ни­ге­ри­ей. Дли­на един­ст­вен­ной же­лез­ной до­ро­ги (Абид­жан – гра­ни­ца с Бур­ки­на-Фа­со) – 660 км; объ­ё­мы пас­са­жи­ро- и гру­зо­пе­ре­во­зок со­кра­ща­ют­ся из-за воз­рас­таю­щей кон­ку­рен­ции с ав­то­пе­ре­воз­ка­ми. Мор. пор­ты – Аби­джан (гру­зо­обо­рот ок. 19 млн. т в год, круп­ней­ший в Зап. Аф­ри­ке; обес­пе­чи­ва­ет св. 90% внеш­не­тор­го­вых пе­ре­во­зок) и Сан-Пед­ро (гл. обр. вы­воз дре­ве­си­ны и пи­ло­ма­те­риа­лов). 7 аэ­ро­пор­тов име­ют взлёт­но-по­са­доч­ную по­ло­су с твёр­дым по­кры­ти­ем (2007). Ме­ж­ду­нар. аэ­ро­пор­ты – в Абид­жа­не, Яму­сук­ро и Буа­ке.

Внешняя торговля

Стои­мость то­вар­но­го экс­пор­та 18,5 млрд. долл., им­пор­та – 6,1 млрд. долл. (2007). В то­вар­ной струк­ту­ре экс­пор­та до­ми­ни­ру­ет аг­рар­ная про­дук­ция: ка­као-бо­бы (ок. 30% стои­мо­сти) и ка­као-про­дук­ты, ко­фе, хлоп­чат­ник, кау­чук, паль­мо­вое мас­ло, фрук­ты; ок. 25% стои­мо­сти экс­пор­та обес­пе­чи­ва­ют нефть и неф­те­про­дук­ты. Сре­ди др. то­ва­ров – дре­ве­си­на и пи­ло­ма­те­риа­лы, рыб­ные кон­сер­вы. Осн. по­ку­па­те­ли (2006): Гер­ма­ния (9,7% стои­мо­сти), Ни­ге­рия (9,1%), Ни­дер­лан­ды (8,4%), Фран­ция (7,3%), США (7%), Бур­ки­на-Фа­со (4,4%). К.-д’И. им­пор­ти­ру­ет нефть и неф­те­про­дук­ты (св. 33% стои­мо­сти), ма­ши­ны и обо­ру­до­ва­ние, транс­порт­ные сред­ст­ва, про­до­воль­ст­вие. Гл. по­став­щи­ки то­ва­ров – Ни­ге­рия (30,5% стои­мо­сти), Фран­ция (16,4%), Ки­тай (6,7%).

Вооружённые силы

Воо­руж. си­лы (ВС) К.-д’И. со­сто­ят из Су­хо­пут­ных войск (СВ), ВВС, ВМС, пре­зи­дент­ской гвар­дии и жан­дар­ме­рии (св. 17,1 тыс. чел.; 2007), а так­же име­ют­ся вое­ни­зир. фор­ми­ро­ва­ния – ми­ли­ция (1,5 тыс. чел.; 2007). Го­до­вой во­ен. бюд­жет 300 млн. долл. (2007).

Вер­хов­ным глав­но­ко­ман­дую­щим яв­ля­ет­ся пре­зи­дент, ко­то­рый ру­ко­во­дит ВС че­рез Мин-во обо­ро­ны и штаб ВС. СВ (6,5 тыс. чел.) вклю­ча­ют 4 во­ен. рай­она, 1 тан­ко­вый и 3 пех. ба­таль­о­на, от­дель­ные арт. ди­ви­зи­он, па­ра­шют­но-де­сант­ную груп­пу, инж. ро­ту и зе­нит­но-арт. ба­та­рею. На воо­ру­же­нии 15 тан­ков (в т. ч. 5 лёг­ких), 31 БРМ, 25 БТР, 4 105-мм гау­би­цы, 16 120-мм ми­но­мё­тов, про­ти­во­тан­ко­вые и зе­нит­ные сред­ст­ва. В со­ста­ве ВВС (700 чел.) ис­тре­битель­ная, транс­порт­ная, свя­зи и вер­то­лёт­ная эс­кад­ри­льи (неск. са­мо­лё­тов и вер­то­лё­тов, в т. ч. 4 бое­вых са­мо­лё­та). В со­ста­ве ВМС (950 чел.) неск. де­сант­ных и пат­руль­ных ка­те­ров. Чис­лен­ность пре­зи­дент­ской гвар­дии 1,4 тыс. чел., жан­дар­ме­рии 7,6 тыс. чел. Ору­жие и во­ен. тех­ни­ка гл. обр. франц. про­из-ва.

Ком­плек­то­ва­ние ВС на ос­но­ве все­об­щей во­ин­ской по­вин­но­сти лиц муж­ско­го по­ла в воз­рас­те 18 лет, а так­же вы­бо­роч­но по кон­трак­ту. Под­го­тов­ка офи­цер­ско­го и ун­тер-офи­цер­ско­го со­ста­ва осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ет­ся в осн. во Фран­ции. Часть офи­це­ров млад­ше­го зве­на го­то­вит­ся в нац. во­ен­ном уч-ще и в лёт­ной шко­ле в Буа­ке. Мо­би­ли­зац. ре­сур­сы 4 млн. чел., в т. ч. год­ных к во­ен. служ­бе 2,1 млн. чел. В 1961 Фран­ция и К.-д’И. под­пи­са­ли до­го­вор о со­вме­ст­ной обо­ро­не (дис­ло­ци­ру­ют­ся франц. вой­ска – ок. 3,8 тыс. чел.).

Здравоохранение

В К.-д’И. на 100 тыс. жит. при­хо­дит­ся 12 вра­чей, 60 лиц ср. мед. пер­со­на­ла, 2 сто­ма­то­ло­га, 6 фар­ма­цев­тов (2004). Об­щие рас­хо­ды на здра­во­охра­не­ние со­став­ля­ют 3,9% ВВП (2005) (бюд­жет­ное фи­нан­си­ро­ва­ние – 27,6%, ча­ст­ный сек­тор – 72,4%) (2003). Пра­во­вое ре­гу­ли­ро­ва­ние сис­те­мы здра­во­охра­не­ния осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ет­ся За­ко­ном о за­щи­те здо­ро­вья на­се­ле­ния и сре­ды оби­та­ния от дей­ст­вия пром. и ра­дио­ак­тив­ных от­хо­дов (1988). Сис­те­ма здра­во­охра­не­ния вклю­ча­ет гор. ча­ст­ные мед. и сто­ма­то­ло­гич. уч­ре­ж­де­ния. В сель­ской ме­ст­но­сти мед. по­мощь ог­ра­ни­че­на в объ­ё­мах и ка­че­ст­ве из-за от­сут­ст­вия кад­ров. Наи­бо­лее рас­про­стра­нён­ные ин­фек­ции – бак­те­ри­аль­ная ди­зен­те­рия, ге­па­тит A, ма­ля­рия, жёл­тая ли­хо­рад­ка, шис­то­со­ма­тоз (2008). Осн. при­чи­ны смер­ти взрос­ло­го на­се­ле­ния: СПИД, ма­ля­рия, бо­лез­ни ниж­них ды­ха­тель­ных пу­тей, ту­бер­ку­лёз, сер­деч­но-со­су­ди­стые за­бо­ле­ва­ния, трав­мы, рак (2004). При­мор­ский кли­ма­тич. ку­рорт Гран-Ба­сам.

Спорт

Нац. олим­пий­ский к-т ос­но­ван в 1962, при­знан МОК в 1963. Спорт­сме­ны К.-д’И. при­ни­ма­ют уча­стие в Олим­пий­ских иг­рах с 1964 (за ис­клю­че­ни­ем 1980); един­ст­вен­ную на­гра­ду за­вое­вал лег­ко­ат­лет Г. Тья­кох, за­няв­ший 2-е ме­сто в бе­ге на 400 м (Лос-Анд­же­лес, 1984). В 1960 уч­ре­ж­де­но Мин-во мо­ло­дё­жи и спор­та. В 1960-х гг. в стра­не бы­ли соз­да­ны пер­вые спор­тив­ные фе­де­ра­ции и про­ве­дён ряд нац. чем­пио­на­тов.

Са­мые по­пу­ляр­ные ви­ды спор­та: дзю­до, бокс, фут­бол, ганд­бол, лёг­кая ат­ле­ти­ка, греб­ля на бай­дар­ках и ка­ноэ. Сбор­ная ко­ман­да К.-д’И. по фут­бо­лу ус­пеш­но вы­сту­па­ет на ме­ж­ду­нар. со­рев­но­ва­ни­ях – об­ла­да­тель (1992) и фи­на­лист (2006) Куб­ка Аф­ри­ки, уча­ст­ник фи­наль­ной час­ти чем­пио­на­та ми­ра в Гер­ма­нии (2006). Силь­ней­шие фут­бо­ли­сты стра­ны вы­сту­па­ют в ве­ду­щих ев­роп. клу­бах: Д. Дрог­ба – в со­ста­ве лон­дон­ско­го «Чел­си» чем­пи­он Анг­лии (2005, 2006); А. К. Кей­та – в со­ста­ве «Лио­на» чем­пи­он Фран­ции (2008); К. Х. Ту­ре – в «Ар­се­на­ле» (Лон­дон, с 2002); его брат Я. Ту­ре – в «Бар­се­ло­не» (с 2007); Б. Са­но­го – в «Вер­де­ре» (Бре­мен, с 2007) и др. Вра­тарь А. Гуа­ме­не уча­ст­во­вал в 7 ро­зы­гры­шах Куб­ка Аф­ри­ки.

Образование. Учреждения науки и культуры

Управ­ле­ние об­ра­зо­ват. уч­ре­ж­де­ния­ми осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ет Мин-во нац. об­ра­зо­ва­ния и на­уч. ис­сле­до­ва­ний. Сеть до­шко­ль­ных уч­ре­ж­де­ний раз­ви­та сла­бо, в осн. они функ­цио­ни­ру­ют в круп­ных го­ро­дах. Сис­те­ма об­ра­зо­ва­ния вклю­ча­ет (2008) обя­за­тель­ное бес­плат­ное 6-лет­нее на­чаль­ное обу­че­ние для де­тей с 6-лет­не­го воз­рас­та, 7-лет­нее сред­нее (4-лет­нее не­полное и 3-лет­нее пол­ное) об­ра­зо­ва­ние в го­су­дарственных и не­го­су­дар­ст­вен­ных учеб­ных за­ве­де­ни­ях (кол­лед­жах и ли­це­ях), проф.-тех­нич. об­ра­зо­ва­ние (на ба­зе на­чаль­ной и не­пол­ной ср. шко­лы) в цен­трах уче­ни­че­ст­ва и тех­нич. ли­це­ях, выс­шее проф. об­ра­зо­ва­ние. До­шко­ль­ным вос­пи­та­ни­ем ох­ва­че­но 3% де­тей, на­чаль­ным обу­че­ни­ем – 71%, сред­ним – 32%. Гра­мот­ность на­се­ле­ния в воз­рас­те стар­ше 15 лет со­став­ля­ет 62,1% (2006). В сис­те­му выс­ше­го проф. об­ра­зо­ва­ния вхо­дят: Ун-т Ко­ко­ди, Ун-т д’Абобо-Ад­жа­ме (оба в Абид­жа­не); Ун-т в Буа­ке – все ун-ты вы­де­ли­лись в 1995 из Нац. ун-та (ос­но­ван в 1958 как Центр выс­ше­го об­ра­зо­ва­ния в Абид­жа­не), Нац. по­ли­тех­нич. ин-т (1996) в Яму­сук­ро, Нац. шко­ла управ­ле­ния (1960), Выс­шая нац. шко­ла изящ­ных ис­кусств (1963) – обе в Абид­жа­не; Нац. инж. шко­ла (1963), Выс­шая аг­ро­но­мич. шко­ла (1996) – обе в Яму­сук­ро. Гл. му­зеи, биб­лио­те­ки, на­уч. уч­ре­ж­де­ния на­хо­дят­ся в Абид­жа­не, Буа­ке, Ко­ро­го.

Средства массовой информации

Ве­ду­щие пе­рио­дич. из­да­ния: еже­днев­ные пра­ви­тельств. га­зе­ты «Fraternité Ma­tin» (вы­хо­дит с 1964, ти­раж 25 тыс. экз.), «Ivoir’ Soir» (с 1987, 10 тыс. экз.); еже­ме­сяч­ный пра­ви­тельств. вест­ник «Jour­nal Officiel de la République de Côte d’Ivoire» (с 1958, 25 тыс. экз.); еже­днев­ные не­за­виси­мые га­зе­ты «Le Jour» (c 1994), «Le Patriote» (с 1991), «La Nou­velle République», «Notre Voie»; еже­ме­сяч­ный ж. «Eburnéa» (с 1967) (все – в г. Абид­жан, на франц. яз.) и др. Ра­дио­ве­ща­ние с 1949 (с 1951 ре­гу­ляр­но), те­ле­ви­де­ние с 1963. Транс­ля­цию те­ле- и ра­дио­пе­ре­дач (на франц. и ме­ст­ных язы­ках) осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ет гос. служ­ба «Ra­diodiffusion-Télévision Ivoirienne» и др. Нац. ин­фор­мац. агент­ст­во – Agence Ivoi­rienne de Presse (AIP; соз­да­но в 1961).

Литература

Ли­те­ра­ту­ра К.-д’И. раз­ви­ва­ет­ся на франц. язы­ке. В 1930-е гг. за­ро­ж­да­ет­ся нац. дра­ма­тур­гия. В 1938 соз­дан «Ту­зем­ный те­атр», где ста­ви­лись пье­сы бы­то­вые, ис­то­ри­че­ские, а так­же под­ни­мав­шие те­му ко­ло­ни­аль­ной экс­плуа­та­ции (твор­че­ст­во Б. Б. Да­дье, Ф. Ж. Амо­на д’Аби и др.). В 1952 уч­ре­ж­де­на Нар. ака­де­мия лит-ры и по­эзии, в 1962 – нац. Ас­со­циа­ция пи­са­те­лей, пи­шу­щих на франц. язы­ке. Расцвет дра­ма­тур­гии на­чал­ся по­сле об­ре­те­ния не­за­ви­си­мо­сти. В 1960–70-х гг. поя­ви­лась ге­рои­ко-ис­то­рич. дра­ма. Влия­ни­ем франц. клас­си­циз­ма от­ме­че­на ди­ло­гия Э. Дер­ве­на: дра­мы «Са­ран, или Пре­ступ­ная ко­ро­ле­ва», в ко­то­рой соз­дан об­раз муд­ро­го афр. пра­ви­те­ля, по­ли­ти­ка и пол­ко­вод­ца, и «Язык и скор­пи­он» (обе 1968). Ш. Но­кан в пье­се «Го­ре­сти Ча­ко» (1968) по­ста­вил про­бле­му вла­сти­те­ля и на­ро­да; в ос­но­ву со­ци­аль­но-уто­пич. пье­сы «Аб­раа По­ку, или Ве­ли­кая аф­ри­кан­ка» (1970) по­ло­жил ле­ген­ду о про­ис­хо­ж­де­нии на­ро­да бау­ле. Борь­ба афр. на­ро­дов про­тив ко­ло­ни­за­то­ров нашла от­ра­же­ние в сю­же­тах тя­го­тею­щих к эпич­но­сти драм «Бе­ат­ри­че из Кон­го» (1970) и «Ост­ро­ва бу­ри» (1973) Да­дье, с твор­че­ст­вом ко­то­ро­го свя­за­но так­же за­ро­ж­де­ние са­ти­рич. ко­ме­дии («Гос­по­дин То­го-Ньи­ни», 1970; «Муа-Сэль», 1979). Ге­рои­за­ция ис­то­рич. про­шло­го – в ос­но­ве пье­сы «Со­фа» Б. За­ди За­уру (1975).

По­эзия и про­за на­ча­ли бур­но раз­ви­вать­ся в 1950-х гг. Яр­кий об­ра­зец ре­во­люц. ан­ти­ко­ло­ни­аль­ной по­эзии: сб-ки «Аф­ри­ка во весь рост» (1950), «Лю­ди всех кон­ти­нен­тов» (1967) Б. Б. Да­дье; «Су­ро­вый при­зыв на­де­ж­ды» Ж. М. Бонь­и­ни (1961). В 1970-х гг. в по­эзии яв­ст­вен­ны тен­ден­ции ро­ман­ти­за­ции про­шло­го Аф­ри­ки (твор­че­ст­во Б. За­ди За­уру, А. Ка­ние). С име­нем Да­дье свя­за­но и ста­нов­ле­ние про­зы: сб. «Аф­ри­кан­ские ле­ген­ды» (1954), кн. ска­зок на фольк­лор­ной ос­но­ве «Чёр­ная по­вяз­ка» (1955); ав­то­био­гра­фич. ро­ман «Клем­бье» (1956) и др. Те­ма кру­ше­ния ил­лю­зий «че­ло­века двух куль­тур» рас­кры­та в ро­ма­не «Ко­кум­бо – чёр­ный сту­дент» А. Ло­бы (1960). Ост­ро­той ан­ти­ко­ло­ни­аль­но­го па­фо­са, ро­ман­тич. па­фо­сом, сти­ли­стич. син­кре­тиз­мом (со­че­та­ние ли­риз­ма и пуб­ли­ци­стич­но­сти) от­ли­ча­ют­ся ро­ма­ны «За­ни­ма­ет­ся чёр­ный рас­свет» (1962) и «Силь­ный был ве­тер» (1966) Ш. Но­ка­на. В 1970-х гг. по­лу­ча­ют рас­про­стра­не­ние нра­во­пи­са­тель­ные ро­ма­ны, в ко­то­рых на пер­вый план вы­хо­дят тра­диц. афр. цен­но­сти. В рус­ле нег­ри­тю­да – ро­ма­ны «Юно­ша из Буа­ке» М. Ко­не (1963), «Уаз­зи» Ж. До­до, «Мас­се­ни» Т. Де­ма, «Ус­ми­рён­ный под­жи­га­тель» П. дю Прея (все – 1977). «Чёр­ное» бы­то­пи­са­тель­ст­во, изо­бра­же­ние мрач­ных яв­ле­ний тра­диц. афр. со­циу­ма (ма­гия, кол­дов­ст­во, тай­ные об­ще­ст­ва) ха­рак­тер­но для ро­ма­на «У по­ро­га ир­ре­аль­но­го» А. Ко­не (1976). В ин­тел­лек­ту­аль­ном ро­ма­не-прит­че «Удо­сто­ве­ре­ние лич­но­сти» Ж. М. Адь­яф­фи (1980) в сим­во­лич. фор­ме вы­ра­жен при­зыв вос­ста­но­вить обор­ван­ные ко­ло­ни­за­то­ра­ми свя­зи с ду­хов­ным и куль­тур­ным на­сле­ди­ем пред­ков. Об­раз­цом вы­со­ко­ху­до­же­ст­вен­но­го син­те­за ин­ди­ви­ду­аль­но-ав­тор­ско­го иро­нич. сти­ля, эле­мен­тов уст­ной тра­ди­ции на­ро­да ма­лин­ке и совр. ро­ман­ной тех­ни­ки ста­ло твор­че­ст­во А. Ку­ру­мы («Мон­нэ, или Уни­жен­ные бро­са­ют вы­зов», 1990; «В ожи­да­нии го­ло­со­ва­ния ди­ких жи­вот­ных», 1998, и др.).

Архитектура и изобразительное искусство

На­ро­ды юж­ной, лес­ной час­ти стра­ны стро­ят пря­мо­уголь­ные жи­ли­ща с кры­шей из паль­мо­вых вет­вей. У на­ро­дов бау­ле и аньи оваль­ные в пла­не до­ма ок­ру­же­ны на­ве­сом. На се­ве­ро-за­па­де рас­про­стра­не­ны круг­лые в пла­не до­ма с ко­нич. со­ло­мен­ны­ми кры­ша­ми. Этот тип жи­ли­ща на вос­то­ке стра­ны сме­ня­ет­ся гли­но­бит­ны­ми пря­мо­уголь­ны­ми в пла­не до­ма­ми с пло­ской кров­лей. В центр. час­ти К.-д’И. домá име­ют пря­мо­уголь­ный с за­круг­лён­ны­ми кон­ца­ми план и раз­де­ле­ны на 3–4 по­ме­ще­ния. Сте­ны до­мов час­то рас­пи­сы­ва­ют­ся гео­мет­рич. ор­на­мен­том, фи­гу­ра­ми лю­дей и жи­вот­ных.

По­сле про­воз­гла­ше­ния не­за­ви­си­мо­сти ста­ли воз­во­дить­ся 1–4-этаж­ные жи­лые до­ма; стро­ят­ся мно­го­этаж­ные зда­ния, объ­е­ди­няю­щие рас­по­ло­жен­ный в ниж­ней час­ти тор­го­вый центр, отель, рес­то­ра­ны и кор­пу­са квар­тир или кон­тор: центр «Нур аль-Ха­ят» (ар­хи­тек­то­ры А. Ла­же, Ж. П. Лю­пи, Ж. Мае), офис­ный ком­плекс «Ла Пи­ра­мид» с от­дел­кой из алю­ми­ния (арх. Р. Оливь­е­ри, инж. Р. Мо­ран­ди; оба – в Абид­жа­не, 1960–70-е гг.), аэ­ро­порт близ Абид­жа­на (1969, ар­хи­тек­то­ры М. Дю­шарм, Ж. Мо­ро, Ж. П. Ми­но), отель «Кас­ка­ды» в Ма­не (1969, Дю­шарм, К. Лар­ра, Ми­но); адм. зда­ние SCIAM в Абид­жа­не (1975, Ж. Се­ми­шон) в ин­тер­на­цио­наль­ном сти­ле. Не­ко­то­рые оте­ли (в Са­сан­д­ре, арх. Бе­нуа-Бар­не; в Аси­ни, ар­хи­тек­то­ры Ж. Се­ми­шон, Л. Ре­нар, А. К. Ви) сти­ли­зо­ва­ны под хи­жи­ны с со­ло­мен­ны­ми кров­ля­ми. Соз­да­ны куль­тур­ные цен­тры в Абид­жа­не и Буа­ке, кры­тые рын­ки. В строи­тель­стве ис­поль­зу­ют­ся же­ле­зо­бе­тон и стек­ло, к от­де­лоч­ным ра­бо­там при­вле­ка­ют­ся ме­ст­ные ре­мес­лен­ни­ки. В 1970-х гг. О. К. Ка­ку­бом раз­ра­бо­тан ген­план го­ро­да Яму­сук­ро и вы­стро­ен ком­плекс об­ществ. зда­ний в фор­мах бру­та­лиз­ма: Дво­рец Кон­грес­са, Дво­рец Пре­зи­ден­та, отель «Пре­зи­дент», зда­ния мэ­рии и Фон­да Уфуэ-Бу­а­ньи. В 1980-х гг. воз­ве­де­ны ка­то­лич. хра­мы: со­бор Св. Пав­ла в Аби­джа­не (1985, арх. А. Спи­ри­то) с эле­мен­та­ми по­стмо­дер­низ­ма, гран­ди­оз­ный со­бор Нотр-Дам-де-ла-Пэ в Яму­су­кро (1986–89, арх. П. Фа­ху­ри; зда­ние по­вто­ря­ет ком­по­зи­цию со­бо­ра Св. Пет­ра в Ва­ти­ка­не); оба со­ору­же­ния оформ­ле­ны вит­ра­жа­ми.

Жи­во­пись как са­мо­сто­ят. вид иск-ва воз­ник­ла в К.-д’И. лишь в 1960-х гг. Сре­ди ху­дож­ни­ков это­го пе­рио­да – М. Ко­дьо и Э. Ж. Сан­то­ни; оба по­лу­чи­ли об­ра­зо­ва­ние во Фран­ции. На ру­бе­же 1980–1990-х гг. при­об­рёл из­вест­ность Я. Бат, в ра­бо­тах ко­то­ро­го приё­мы аб­ст­рак­цио­низ­ма со­че­та­ют­ся с ме­ст­ной ор­на­мен­таль­ной тра­ди­ци­ей. Осо­бое ме­сто в ху­дож. жиз­ни за­ни­ма­ют пред­ста­ви­те­ли на­ив­но­го ис­кус­ст­ва (З. Мак­ре, Ф. Брю­ли-Бу­аб­ре), про­дол­жаю­щие ре­мес­лен­ную тра­ди­цию из­го­тов­ле­ния вы­ве­сок. Наи­бо­лее из­вест­ный скульп­тор – К. Лат­тье, ра­бо­тав­ший во Фран­ции и на ро­ди­не; соз­да­ёт про­из­ве­де­ния из ме­тал­ла, эле­мен­тов кор­зи­ноч­но­го пле­те­ния, ве­рё­вок и тка­ни. Ке­ра­мич. скульп­ту­рой в ду­хе тра­ди­ций бау­ле для оформ­ле­ния ар­хит. со­ору­же­ний за­ни­ма­ет­ся С. До­го Яо; в этом жан­ре так­же ра­бо­та­ет К. Му­ру­фье. Раз­ви­ты резь­ба по де­ре­ву (мас­ки, фи­гур­ки лю­дей), об­ра­бот­ка зо­ло­та, брон­зы и ме­ди, тка­че­ст­во. В рай­оне Ка­тио­ла со­сре­до­то­че­но про­из-во гон­чар­ных из­де­лий, рай­он Се­ге­ла зна­ме­нит изящ­ны­ми со­суда­ми «ка­на­ри», в рай­оне Ко­ро­го из­го­тов­ля­ют сфе­рич. горш­ки и ог­ром­ные ре­зер­вуа­ры для зер­на. Раз­ви­ва­ет­ся тра­диц. рос­пись до­мов.

Музыка

Муз. куль­ту­ра ти­пич­на для Зап. Аф­ри­ки; пред­став­ле­на проф. тра­ди­ция­ми дан, ма­лин­ке (груп­па ман­дин­го), бау­ле, ве (груп­па кру), се­ну­фо. У дан му­зы­ка вы­де­ле­на в са­мо­сто­ят. ветвь тра­диц. куль­ту­ры, в зна­чит. сте­пе­ни со­хра­ни­лась её связь с куль­то­вой прак­ти­кой (про­ис­хо­ж­де­ние му­зы­ки свя­зы­ва­ет­ся с ми­ром ду­хов; в ма­гич. це­лях ис­поль­зу­ют­ся ис­ка­жаю­щие го­лос мас­ки бег­бо). Проф. му­зы­кан­ты объ­е­ди­ня­ют­ся в ас­со­циа­ции, спе­циа­ли­за­ция пе­ре­да­ёт­ся по на­след­ст­ву; по­ны­не вы­со­ко це­нит­ся мас­тер­ст­во пев­цов-им­про­ви­за­то­ров (соль­ное пе­ние со­про­во­ж­да­ет­ся иг­рой на ар­фе, ла­мел­ла­фо­не). Му­зы­ка – не­отъ­ем­ле­мая часть об­ря­дов ини­циа­ции, ри­туа­лов, пред­ва­ряю­щих охо­ту, и др. Иг­ра на ба­ра­ба­нах со­про­во­ж­да­ет тру­до­вые дей­ст­вия зем­ле­дель­цев, со­стя­за­ния в борь­бе и тан­цы. Кас­та проф. пев­цов и му­зы­кан­тов у ма­лин­ке – дже­ли (грио­ты; ак­ком­па­ни­ру­ют се­бе на ко­ре, кси­ло­фо­не, ар­фе и др.); сре­ди об­ще­ст­вен­но зна­чи­мых функ­ций дже­ли – на­пут­ст­вия вои­нам и их про­слав­ле­ние. Вы­со­кий ста­тус име­ет проф. му­зы­ка и в об­ществ. жиз­ни бау­ле: рас­про­стра­не­ны пес­ни в честь бо­жеств и ду­хов пред­ков; в су­деб­ной прак­ти­ке ис­поль­зу­ют­ся ба­ра­ба­ны, ко­то­рые счи­та­ют­ся по­сред­ни­ка­ми ме­ж­ду людь­ми и ду­ха­ми пред­ков; на об­ществ. со­б­ра­ни­ях в со­про­во­ж­де­нии ба­ра­ба­нов и сиг­наль­ных идио­фо­нов рас­пе­ва­ют по­этич. тек­сты и по­сло­ви­цы. Для бау­ле ха­рак­тер­но двух­го­ло­сие (пе­ние и иг­ра на ин­стру­мен­тах па­рал­лель­ны­ми тер­ция­ми). У ве в сиг­наль­ной функ­ции ис­поль­зу­ют­ся т. н. го­во­ря­щие ба­ра­ба­ны, на них вос­про­из­во­дят­ся так­же хва­леб­ные пес­ни во­ж­дям и вои­нам. У се­ну­фо кас­ты му­зы­кан­тов от­сут­ст­ву­ют, но му­зы­ка име­ет боль­шое зна­че­ние в об­ря­дах муж­ских и жен­ских тай­ных об­ществ; осо­бен­но ин­те­рес­ны пес­ни об­ря­дов ини­циа­ции, ко­то­рые со­про­во­ж­да­ют­ся боль­ши­ми ин­ст­ру­мен­таль­ны­ми ан­самб­ля­ми. В го­ро­дах рас­про­стра­не­ны до­су­го­вые фор­мы му­зи­ци­ро­ва­ния. Муз. об­ра­зо­ва­ние и изу­че­ние тра­диц. му­зы­ки со­сре­до­то­че­но в Абид­жа­не.

Театр, танец

Нац. те­ат­раль­ная тра­ди­ция бе­рёт на­ча­ло в иск-ве грио­тов. В 1938 вы­пу­ск­ни­ки шко­лы У. Пон­ти (Да­кар) ор­га­ни­зо­ва­ли в Абид­жа­не «Ту­зем­ный те­атр», уде­ляв­ший осо­бое вни­ма­ние пье­сам, на­прав­лен­ным про­тив шар­ла­тан­ст­ва кол­ду­нов («Бус­са­тье, или Сек­рет чёр­но­го кол­ду­на» Ф. Ж. Амо­на д’Аби, 1939, и др.). В нач. 1940-х гг. поя­ви­лись са­ти­рич. по­ста­нов­ки Г. Коф­фи (од­но­го из ос­нова­те­лей афр. те­ат­ра) по собств. пье­сам – «На­ши жё­ны» (1940) и «Мой муж» (1941); в 1943 он по­ста­вил свою ан­ти­ко­ло­ни­аль­ную пье­су «Песнь воз­вра­ща­ет­ся». В 1953 «Ту­зем­ный те­атр» был пре­об­ра­зо­ван в «Куль­тур­ный и фольк­лор­ный кру­жок», за­няв­ший вид­ное ме­сто в куль­тур­ной жиз­ни всей Зап. Аф­ри­ки. Ре­пер­ту­ар вклю­чал пье­сы бы­то­во­го и ис­то­рич. со­дер­жа­ния (в т. ч. «Ко­ро­на с аук­цио­на» Амо­на д’Аби, «Иа­он­да» Коф­фи, «При­клю­че­ния ко­зы» Д. Ма­ха­ма­на). В 1958 под рук. К. Нгуа­на бы­ло ос­но­ва­но Те­ат­раль­ное об-во Бе­ре­га Сло­но­вой Кос­ти. В это вре­мя ши­ро­ко ста­ви­лись пье­сы ме­ст­ных дра­ма­тур­гов («Сель­ская кол­ду­нья» М. Бер­те, «Тер­ми­ты» Э. Дер­ве­на, и др.). Поль­зо­ва­лась ус­пе­хом труп­па Абид­жан­ско­го ун-та «Мас­ки и ба­ла­фо­ны». В 1959 в Аби­д­жа­не от­кры­лась Шко­ла дра­ма­тич. иск-ва, впо­след­ст­вии пре­об­ра­зо­ван­ная в те­ат­раль­ную шко­лу при Нац. ин-те ис­кусств (соз­дан в 1967). Сре­ди зна­чит. спек­так­лей это­го пе­рио­да: «Три пре­тен­ден­та, один муж» Г. Ой­о­но Мбиа (1968), «Гос­по­дин То­го-Ньи­ни» Б. Б. Да­дье (1970), «Тус­сио» Г. Де­ман-Го (1971). В 1971 на абид­жан­ской сце­не по­став­лена ко­ме­дия «Ре­ви­зор» Н. В. Го­го­ля. В 1980 – нач. 2000-х гг. по­пу­ляр­ны по­ста­нов­ки драматурга и режиссёра М. Экис­си («Вре­мя крас­ных бе­ре­тов», 1988; «Тра­ге­дия ко­ро­ля Кри­сто­фа», 1993; «Жес­то­кий празд­ник», 1999; «Ме­ня зо­вут Бра­хи­ма», 2001). Один из круп­ней­ших те­ат­раль­ных дея­те­лей К.-д’И. нач. 21 в. – ак­тёр и ре­жис­сёр С. Ба­ка­ба. С 1993 каж­дые 2 го­да в К.-д’И. про­во­дит­ся Ме­ж­ду­нар. фес­ти­валь ис­кусств.

Осо­бен­но по­пу­ляр­ны в К.-д’И. ос­но­ван­ные на фольк­ло­ре тан­це­валь­ные по­ста­нов­ки. В 1974 в Абид­жа­не соз­дан Нац. ба­лет Кот-д’Ивуара. Наи­бо­лее из­вест­ные тан­це­валь­ные кол­лек­ти­вы: «Мант­че» (1998), «Джи­гийа» (1999), «Дан­кан» (2006), «1 Со­мни­ак» (2008). Сре­ди ис­пол­ни­те­лей (нач. 2000-х гг.) – А. Б. Бам­ба, А. Дра­ме, К. Ма­ма­ди.

Кино

За­ро­ж­де­ние нац. ки­не­ма­то­гра­фа свя­за­но с име­нем Т. Ба­со­ри, сняв­ше­го в 1960-е гг. ко­рот­ко­мет­раж­ные филь­мы «На дю­нах оди­но­че­ст­ва», «Шес­тая бо­роз­да», «Огонь в брус­се» и др. Он же в 1969 вы­пус­тил пер­вый нац. пол­но­мет­раж­ный ф. «Жен­щи­на с но­жом», за­тро­нув­ший во­про­сы со­от­но­ше­ния афр. и зап. ци­ви­ли­за­ций. В 1970-х гг. про­бле­мы нац. дей­ст­ви­тель­но­сти на­шли от­ра­же­ние в ки­но­лен­тах «Ама­нье» и «Шля­па» Р. М’Бала и «Крик му­эд­зи­на» Э. Н’Да­би­ана Во­дио. В 1980-х гг. в стра­не вы­шли филь­мы «Че­ло­век из­да­ле­ка» М. Трао­те, «Джел­ли» К. Лан­си­ке Фе­ди­ке, «Ан­жа-Тио» Ж. Л. Ку­ла, «Да­ло­кан» М. До­са, «Це­ли­те­ли» С. Ба­ка­бы. В 1983 вы­пу­щен ф. «Пе­тан­ки» И. Ко­зо­лоа (совм. с Ни­ге­ри­ей). Зна­чит. зри­тель­ский ин­терес вы­зва­ла «Эк­зо­ти­че­ская ко­ме­дия» К. Ту­ре (1985) – о жиз­ни тра­диц. об­ще­ст­ва се­ну­фо. Наи­бо­лее из­вест­ны­ми ки­не­ма­то­гра­фи­ста­ми яв­ля­ют­ся ре­жис­сё­ры Д. Эка­ре («Кон­церт для из­гнан­ни­ка», 1968; «Фран­ция для нас дво­их», 1970; «Ли­ца жен­щин», 1985) и А. Дю­парк («Му­на, или Меч­та ху­дож­ни­ка», 1969; «Се­мья», 1972; «Ди­кая тра­ва», 1977; «Я вы­брал жизнь», 1987; «Бал в об­ла­ке пы­ли», 1988; «Шес­той па­лец», 1990; «Ко­фей­ный цвет», 1998), под­ни­маю­щие в сво­их ра­бо­тах ак­ту­аль­ные нравст­вен­ные и об­ществ. те­мы и тя­го­тею­щие к жан­ру тра­ги­ко­ме­дии. В 1974 об­ра­зо­ва­на Ас­со­циа­ция проф. ки­но­дея­те­лей Кот-д’Ивуа­ра (вхо­дит в Пан­аф­ри­кан­скую фе­де­ра­цию ки­не­ма­то­гра­фи­стов). С 1969 филь­мы К.-д’И. уча­ст­ву­ют во Все­аф­ри­кан­ском ки­но­фес­ти­ва­ле (ФЕСПАКО) в Уа­га­дугу.

Значение слова «Кот-д’Ивуар»